DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE-2105
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE-I
DESIGN OF BEAM
(AS PER ACI CODE)
Course Teacher- Presented
By-
Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim Md. Jahidur
Rahman
Associate Professor S.ID- 121041

Dhaka University of Engineering &

1 Technology, Gazipur-1700
 Content
USD(Ultimate Strength Design)
Classification of beam with respect to
design system
Assumptions
Evolution of design parameters
Moment Factors Kn,
Balanced Reinforcement Ratio bb
Calculating Strength Reduction Factor
Calculating
Design procedure for Singly Reinforced Beam
Design procedure for Doubly Reinforced Beam
Design procedure for T-Beam
Appendix

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 Ultimate Strength Design(USD)

Assuming tensile failure condition

Additional strength of steel after yielding
ACI code emphasizes this method

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 Classification
Classification of
of beam
beam with
with respect
respect to
to design
design system
system

Rectangular beam (reinforced at tension zone only)

Doubly reinforced beam (reinforced at both tension
and compression zone)
T section beam (both beam and slab are
designed together)
 ASSUMPTIONS

Plane sections before bending remain plane and

perpendicular to the N.A. after bending
Strain distribution is linear both in concrete & steel and
is directly proportional to the distance from N.A.
Strain in the steel & surrounding concrete is the same
prior to cracking of concrete or yielding of steel
Concrete in the tension zone is neglected in the flexural
analysis & design computation
b c=0.003 0.85fc

a a/2
c C
h d
d-a/2
T
s = fy / Es

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 Concrete stress of 0.85fc is uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compressive zone.
fc = Specified compressive strength of concrete in psi.
Maximum allowable strain of 0.003 is adopted as safe
limiting value in concrete.
The tensile strain for the balanced section is fy/Es
Moment redistribution is limited to tensile strain of at least
0.0075

fs
Actual

fy
Idealized
Es
1

y s

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 EVALUATION
EVALUATION OF
OF DESIGN
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS

Total compressive force - C = 0.85fc ba (Refer stress diagram)

Total Tensile force- T = As fy

C=T
0.85fc ba = As fy
a = As fy / (0.85fc b)
= d fy / (0.85 fc) [ = As / bd]
Moment of Resistance/Nominal Moment-
Mn = 0.85fc ba (d a/2) or,
Mn = As fy (d a/2)
= bd fy [ d (dfyb / 1.7fc) ]
= fc [ 1 0.59 ] bd22
= fy / fc
Mn = Kn bd22 Kn = fc [ 1 0.59 ]
Ultimate Moment- Mu = Mn
= Kn bd22
( = Strength Reduction Factor)
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 Balaced Reinforcement Ratio ( b)
From strain diagram, similar triangles
cb / d = 0.003 / (0.003 + fy / Es) ; Es = 29x106 psi
cb / d = 87,000 / (87,000+fy)

Relationship b / n the depth `a of the equivalent rectangular stress

block & depth `c of the N.A. is
a = 1c
1= 0.85 ; fc 4000 psi
1= 0.85 - 0.05(fc 4000) / 1000 ; 4000 < fc 8000
1= 0.65 ; fc> 8000 psi

b = Asb / bd
= 0.85fc ab / (fy. d)
= 11 ( 0.85 fc / fy) [ 87,000 / (87,000+fy)]

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 For beams the ACI code limits the max. amount of steel to
75% of that required for balanced section.
0.75 b

Min. reinforcement is greater of the following:

Asmin = 3fc x bwd / fy or 200 bwd / fy
min = 3fc / fy or 200 / fy

For statically determinate member, when the flange is in

tension, the bw is replaced with 2bw or bf whichever is smaller

The above min steel requirement need not be applied, if at

every section, Ast provided is at least 1/3 greater than the
analysis

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 Calculatin
g

Yes

N
N o
o

Yes
Calculatin
g
 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Beam isreinforcednear the tensile

face
Reinforcement resists the tension.
Concrete resists the compression.

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 DESIGN
DESIGN PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE FOR
FOR
SINGLY
SINGLY REINFORCED
REINFORCED BEAM
BEAM

1. Determine
the service
loads

2. Assume `h` as
per the support 3. Calculate d= h Effective
conditions [As per cover
ACI code in table
9.5(a)] 4. Assume the value of `b` by
the rule of thumb
6. Primary elastic analysis
5. Estimate self
and derive B.M (M),
weight
Shear force (V) values

8.Choose between min and

7. Compute min and b
b

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 9. Calculate , Kn

10. From Kn & M

11. Check the required `d
calculate `d
with assumed `d
required

12. With the final values of , b, d

OK
determine the Total As required

Note Below:
Design the steel reinforcement arrangement with
appropriate cover and spacing stipulated in code. Bar size
and corresponding no. of bars based on the bar size #n.
Check crack width as per codal provisions.

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 DESIGN
DESIGN PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE FOR
FOR
SINGLY
SINGLY REINFORCED
REINFORCED BEAM
BEAM BY
BY FLOWCHART
FLOWCHART

Actual steel ratio Maximum steel ratio

Over Yes N Under

reinforced o reinforce
beam d beam

Ultimate
moment

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 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Beam isfixed for Architectural purposes.
Reinforcement are provided both in tension and
compression zone.
Concrete has limitation to resist the total
compression so extra reinforcement is required.

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DESIGN
PROCEDURE
Actual steel ratio Maximum steel ratio
FOR
DOUBLY
REINFORCED
BEAM Yes N Doubly
rectangul
o reinforce
Concrete ar beam
d beam
section,
Area of
steel are
known

Compression Compression
bar does not N Yes and tension
reach in o bar reach in
yielding yielding
DESIGN
PROCEDURE Load or
FOR ultimate Maximum steel ratio
DOUBLY moment
REINFORCED is given
BEAM

Reinforceme
nt required Doubly Yes N rectangul
in comp. reinforce o ar beam
zone too d beam
 T- REINFORCED BEAM
A part of slab acts as the upper part of
beam.
Resulting cross section is T shaped.
The slab portion of the beam is flange.
The beam projecting bellow is web or
stem.

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DESIGN
PROCEDURE calculation
FOR
T-REINFORCED
BEAM T-
Yes N beam
o analysi
Are of
concrete s
Rectangul
section,
Area of steel
ar beam
are known analysis

Nominal modification
moment

Additional
moment

Total moment
DESIGN Moment or loading
PROCEDURE is given

FOR calculation T section:

T-
REINFORCED
BEAM L section:
T-
N Yes Rectangul
beam Isolated beam:
o ar beam
analysi
analysis
s

Area of steel in Nominal moment

flange

Additional
moment

Check for
Total area of Area of steel in
steel web
 APPENDIX

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 AS
ASPER
PERTABLE
TABLE9.5
9.5(a)
(a)

Simply One End Both End

Cantilever
Supported Continuous Continuous

L / 16 L / 18.5 L / 21 L/ 8

Values given shall be used directly for members

with normal weight concrete (Wc = 145 lb/ft3) and
Grade 60 reinforcement

For structural light weight concrete having unit wt.

In range 90-120 lb/ft3 the values shall be multiplied
by
(1.65 0.005Wc) but not less than 1.09

For fy other than 60,000 psi the values shall be

multiplied by (0.4 + fy/100,000)

`h` should be rounded to the nearest whole number

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 CLEAR
CLEARCOVER
COVER
Not
Notless
lessthan
than1.5
1.5in.
in.when
whenthere
thereis
isno
noexposure
exposureto to
weather
weatherororcontact
contactwith
withthe
theground
ground
For
Forexposure
exposuretotoaggressive
aggressiveweather
weather22in.
in.
Clear
Cleardistance
distancebetween
betweenparallel
parallelbars
barsininaalayer
layermust
must
not
notbe
beless
lessthan
thanthe
thebar
bardiameter
diameteroror11in.
in.

RULE
RULEOF OFTHUMB
THUMB
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
`b` is taken as an even number
`b` is taken as an even number
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
to
toless
lessdeflection
deflection

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 BAR
BARSIZE
SIZE
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
Ex.
Ex.#1
#1= =1/8
1/8in.
in.
.
.
#8
#8==8/8
8/8i.e.,
i.e.,IIin.
in.
Weight, Area and Perimeter of individual bars

Stamdard Nominal Dimensions

Bar Wt.per
Diameter db C/S Area, Perimeter
No Foot (lb)
inch mm Ab (in2) (in.)
3 0.376 0.375 9 0.11 1.178
4 0.668 0.500 13 0.20 1.571
5 1.043 0.625 16 0.31 1.963
6 1.502 0.750 19 0.44 2.356
7 2.044 0.875 22 0.60 2.749
8 2.670 1.000 25 0.79 3.142
9 3.400 1.128 28 1.00 3.544
10 4.303 1.270 31 1.27 3.990
11 5.313 1.410 33 1.56 4.430
14 7.650 1.693 43 2.25 5.319
18 13.600 2.257 56 4.00 7.091

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