Effect of nanostructured grains

on martensite formation during

plasma
nitriding of AISI 321 austenitic
stainless steel
M. Golzar Shahri, M.Salehi,S.R.Hosseini, M. Naderi

Rekayasa Permukaan Material Lanjut

Metallurgy
Metallurgy and Materials
and Materials Engineering Department
Engineering
University Departement
of Indonesia
Semester Genap 2012-2013
Universitas Indonesia
2017
University of
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia

Peningkatan sifat permukaan Austenitic

Stainless Steel menggunakan metode Nitriding
merupakan subjek penelitian yang terus
dilakukan.
Banyak metode yang digunakan dalam
perlakuan permukaan (treatment surface) dari
Stainless Steel seperti Plasma Nitriding,
magnetron Sputtering dan penanaman ion (ion
implantation).
Metode Nitriding merupakan suatu proses
pengerasan permukaan benda kerja dalam hal
ini Stainless Steel.
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University of
INTRODUCTION (Contd)
Indonesia

Teknologi Nitridasi terdiri dari:

Nitridasi dengan Gas (Gas

Nitriding).
Niridasi dengan Cairan
(Liquid
Pada paper ini metode Nitriding)
Nitridasi yang digunakan adalah
Plasma Nitridasi
Plasma
Prinsip dasar plasma Nitridingnitriding adalah pelapisan
permukaan bahan dengan gas nitrogen berbentuk
plasma untuk membentuk fase nitrida yang keras pada
permukaan bahan.

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 Proses Pemilihan Material Pada
University of
Indonesia
New Design

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

 Proses Pemilihan Material Pada
University of
Indonesia
New Design (lanjutan)
Bandingkan semua sifat sifat serta parameter yang ada pada
material data base
untuk mencari/ menseleksi material yang diinginkan
(biasanya berupa pertanyaan :apakah material ini bisa kita
seleksi / dijadikan kandidat untuk aplikasi yang diinginkan
Evaluasi candidate material lebih detail
product performance
cost
fabricability
availability in the grade, size for the application
Menyusun data spesifik yang dibutuhkan
ASTM, SAE (Society Automobile Engineer)
Untuk keperluan Nuklir atau Aerospace, dibutuhkan pengujian-
pengujian lanjut --- sehingga didapat data yang lebih akurat

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 Substitusi Material pada Existing
University of
Indonesia
Design
Alternatif material atau manufacturing route pada existing design
biasanya untuk:
Reduction cost
Improve performance
Langkah 1: karakterisasi material yang digunakan saat ini
Performance, Proses manufacturing dan Cost
Langkah 2: Tentukan karakteristik mana yang akan di improve
Hasil failure analysis report terkadang memegang peranan penting
Langkah 3: Cari alternatif material atau manufacturing route
Langkah 4: Seleksi candidate alternatif materials atau processing route
Buat estimasi cost of materials or manufacturing untuk membuat
part (Value Engineering = membuang cost yang tidak diperlukan
tanpa menurunkan kualitas produk)
Langkah 5: Evaluasi dan rekomendasikan material / prosesing route
yang akan diganti

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University of
Pemilihan Material vs Proses
Indonesia

Material first approach:

Pertama menseleksi material kemudian
dievaluasi manufacturing proses yang cocok
Process first approach:
Desainer memulai dengan menseleksi semua
kemungkinan manufacturing process,
kemudian dipilih jenis material yang cocok

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 Properties a Designer might be
University of
Indonesia
interested in
Mechanical Strength
Ductility
Impact Resistance
Behavior at temperature extremes
Thermal Conductivity
Electrical Conductivity
Optical Properties
Corrosion Resistance

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Karakteristik Material
Indonesia

Fungsional characteristics material biasanya ditandai

dengan:
Sifat fisik
Sifat mekanik
Sifat thermal
Sifat electrical
Sifat magnetic
Sifat Optik
Sifat material berhubungan dengan basic structure,
komposisi material serta service performance
Terdapat structure property relationship dalam
engineering materials (Effect of Composition,
Processing and Structure on Materials Properties)
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Key Relationships
Indonesia

Material properties depend on the material

microstructure, which in turn results from its
composition and processing

Processing Microstructure Properties

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 Material properties pada Material
University of
Indonesia
Selection

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University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

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University of
Sifat Metal, Ceramics dan Polymers
Indonesia

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University of
Indonesia

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University of
Contoh
Indonesia

Material dengan best thermal shock

resitance
Umumnya memiliki nilai:
f/ E yang tinggi
f = yield strength
E = Modulus Youngs
= thermal coefficient of expansion

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University of
Indonesia

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 Hubungan Pemilihan Material
University of
Indonesia
dengan Proses Manufaktur
Tidak mudah
Banyak terdapat berbagai jenis proses untuk
membuat part yang sama
Tujuan : Kualitas maksimal dengan Cost yang
minimal

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 Primary Shaping Process
University of
Indonesia

Finishing Process

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 Manufacturing Process
University of
Indonesia

Metal Fabrication

Shaping Metal Machining Joining Thermal

Working Processing
Casting, Rolling, extrusion, Cutting, Welding, Heat treatment
drawing, forging, grinding, soldering,
Powder pressing drilling brazing
metallurgy
Hot working
cold working

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Investment Casting
Indonesia

Mould for wax patterns Wax patterns Mould, dewaxed

and fired

Pouring Casting as-demoulded, with

sprue and runners
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Powder Metallurgy
Indonesia

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University of
Pressing and Deep Drawing
Indonesia

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University of
Extrusion and Drawing
Indonesia

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University of
Forging
Indonesia

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University of
Pemilihan Manufakturing
Indonesia

Faktor yang mempengaruhi

Material melting point
Hardness and ductility
Size of part (berat, volume)
Bentuk part
Toleransi ukuran, surface finish
Polimer = very high surface smoothness

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University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

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University of
Indonesia

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University of
Cost dalam Pemilihan Material
Indonesia

Selalu terdapat hubungan antara Cost dan

Performance (ada rupa ada harga)
Unit cost of part
Material cost
Capital cost of plant, machinery, tooling untuk
membuat part
Labour cost
Berhubungan dengan jumlah part yang dibuat

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University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

 Metode Pemilihan Material
University of
Indonesia
(cost per unit property method)
Tie rod, solid silinder, panjang L, menahan beban P
dengan safety factor S
Minimum massa=
m = AL
A = area cross section
= density
L dan P tak bisa diubah (fix parameter)
P/A = f/ S
m = (SP) (L) (/ f)
Performance Index M = f/

Jika M tinggi maka = didapat the lightest tie rod

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
 Metode Pemilihan Material
University of
Indonesia
(cost per unit property method)
Sama halnya dengan stiff tie rod dapat
digunakan performance index:
M = E/
E = modulus Youngs
Jika yang diinginkan meminimize cost
dibandingkan dengan meminimize berat,
maka diganti dengan C
C = cost per unit mass
m = (SP) (L) (C/ f), juga
M = f/ C

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

 Metode Pemilihan Material
University of
Indonesia
(weighted property index method)
Biasanya terdapat beberapa material yang akan
dipilih
Menggunakan scalling factors
Nilai subjective
Use of pairwise comparison
Biasanya
Scaled property ()
= numerical value of property (X100)
largest value in the list
Untuk cost, corrosion loss, wear rate:
Scaled property ()
= lowest value in the list (X100)
numerical value of property

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University of
Subjective Value
Indonesia

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 Penggunaan weighted property
University of
Indonesia
index method
Contoh pemilihan material untuk cryogenic
storage tank
Transport liquid natural gas (- 1960C)
Harus memperhatikan sifat ductile-brittle-
transition
Dibuat dengan cara welding (harus good
weldability)
Harus tersedia dalam bentuk plate dengan
ketebalan yang dibutuhkan (availability)

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 Penggunaan weighted property
University of
Indonesia
index method
Harus diperhatikan:
Mechanical properties
Toughness
High Yield Strength
Stiffness
Stronger material = thinner tank walls = lighter tank = lower
cool down losses
Lower density = lighter tank
Lower specific heat = reduce cool down losses
Lower thermal conductivity = reduce heat losses
Lower thermal expansion = reduce thermal stresses
Semua sifat-sifat tersebut dibandingkan
Beri poin 1 untuk yang lebih penting dan poin 0 untuk yang
kalah penting
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University of
Pairwise comparison
Indonesia

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Weighting factors
Indonesia

= 6 : 21

= 5 : 21

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 Candidate materials for cryogenic
University of
Indonesia tank

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University of
Scaled Property and WP Index
Indonesia

total

x weighting factor

Nilai tertinggi diberi nilai 100 35 = (273:770) X 100

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University of
Ranking of materials
Indonesia

= (2.8 x 1) : 420 X 100

Cost of Unit Strength = C = /f = (berat jenis x relatif cost) / yield strength

Figure of merrit = WP index: cost of unit strength
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TUGAS
Indonesia

Menentukan pemilihan material untuk

Material CNG

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