Temperature and Heat

Introduction
 All matter is composed of continually jiggling atoms or molecules.

They have Kinetic Energy because of those random motions.

Whenever something get warmer, it means that the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
has increased

Introduction
 Temperature is a quantity that tells how hot or cold something is. Compared with the
standard.

It also mean a measure of average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.

Energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature different between
then is called heat.

Temperature & Heat

Thermal physics
 The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.
Zero Celsius (32 Fahrenheit) is the freezing point of water.
100 Celsius (212 Fahrenheit) is the boiling point of the
water
Degrees is the gap between freezing and boiling is divided
into 100 equal parts.

Celsius scale
 Fahrenheit scale is the temperature scale used commonly
in the United States
Water freezes at 32
Water boils at 212

Fahrenheit scale
 SI unit for temperature
Degree are the same size as the Celsius degree are called
Kelvin.
At Absolute zero a substance has no kinetic energy to give
up.

Kelvin scale
 1. Celsius to Kelvin:
2. Kelvin to Celsius: C

3. Fahrenheit to Celsius:
4. Celsius to Fahrenheit :

Conversion Formulas
 1. Convert 65 Degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit and Kelvin
2. Convert 444 K to Degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit

Example
Temperature and kinetic energy
 The higher the temperature of a substance, the faster is the motion of its
molecule

Relationship
 The higher the temperature of a substance, the faster is the motion of its
molecule

The warmth you feel when you touch a hot surface is

Molecules Molecules
Kinetic Transferred by
in the in your
energy
surface finger

Relationship
Heat, Thermal equilibrium,
and internal energy
 Heat is the flow of energy from a high temperature location to a low
temperature location.
When transfer the energy ceases to be heat.
Energy resulting from heat flow is called thermal energy.

Heat
 Thermal contact occurs when heat flows from one object to another.

Heat
 Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects in thermal
contact reach the same temperature.
A thermometer measures temperature.
When a thermometer is in contact with a substance, heat
will flow until it reaches the same temperature.
To measure a thermometer you have to wait until it
reaches thermal equilibrium with the substance.

Thermal Equilibrium
 Internal Energy is the total energy that is inside a substance.
The Internal energy changes as a substance takes in or gives off heat.

Internal Energy
 Internal Energies:
Kinetic energy of colliding molecules
Rotational kinetic energy of molecules
Kinetic energy due to movements of atoms within molecules
Potential energy due to forces between molecules

Internal Energy
Measurements of heat
 To determine the amount of heat transferred, measure the temperature change
of a known mass of a substance that absorbs heat.
When heat is transferred from an object to the other, there is a change in
temperature.
Heat can be calculated by identifying the mass and type of material
Even though the same amount of heat is added, the temperature in a container
with less water increases more.
 Heat is commonly expressed in either of two units:
calorie, an older metric unit
Defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius

an English unit commonly used in the United States

British thermal unit (Btu),

Scientists express heat in terms of the Joule , an SI unit used or all forms of
energy.

1 calorie = 4.186 J
1 Kilocalorie = 1000 calories

Units of Heat
Heat Capacity
 Heat Capacity- is the heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1
degree

Specific heat capacity- quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1

gram by 1 degree

Heat Capacity
 Water has higher specific heat capacity
than most liquids
Water resist changes in temperature

Water and Specific Heat Capacity

Thermal Expansion and
Application
 Most forms of matter expand when they are heated and contract when they are
cool.

Thermal Expansion
 Expansion Joint is a gap between material that expands and contracts on
varying temperature.

Application: Expansion Joints

 In a bimetallic strip, two strips of different metals are welded or riveted
together.

The movement of the strip can turn a pointer , regulate a valve, or operate a
switch.

Application: Bimetallic Strips

 Thermostat is a device that automatically regulates temperature. It is used to
control temperature.

Thermostats
 If one part of a piece of glass is heated or cooled more rapidly than the
adjacent parts, the expansion or contraction may break the glass.

Glasses
Thermal Expansion and
Application
APPLICATIONS
 Ice cold water compress from 0 to 4 degrees and expand from 4 degrees to
100 degrees.
Water ( at 4 degrees) has highest density and smallest volume
Water (as ice) has the smallest density and highest volume
This helps fish stay alive under water

water
Combustion Engines
 Mercury expands as temperature increases

Thermometer