Two Span

Continuous Deep
Beam with Two
Point Loading

Module 3
Design of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
Introduction Minimum thickness -Steps of Designing Deep beams design by IS 456 - Detailing of Deep beams.
1. Deep Beam Definition - IS 456 2. Deep Beam Application
A deep beam is having a depth comparable to the span RC deep beams have useful applications in
tall buildings,
offshore structures and foundations

TRANSFER GIRDER

RIBBED MAT FOUNDATION

3. Deep Beam Types

. Simply Supported or Continuous
. Rectangular or Flanged Beams
. Top or Bottom or Side Loaded
. with or without openings
4. Behaviour of Deep Beams
The elementary theory of bending for simple beams may not be applicable to deep beams even under the
linear elastic assumption.

A deep beam is in fact a vertical plate subjected to loading in its own plane. The strain or stress
distribution across the depth is no longer a straight line, and the variation is mainly dependent on the
aspect ratio of the beam.

The analysis of a deep beam should therefore be treated as a two dimensional plane stress problem, and two-
dimensional stress analysis methods should be used in order to obtain a realistic stress distribution in deep
beams even for a linear elastic solution.
 FE RESULTS

COMPRESSION

2m

TENSION

4m

4m COMPRESSI
ON

TENSI
ON
4m
 Following approximations are suggested for
design purposes to compute the lever arm
Z Z
L/D
2

L/D <
1
Z
5. Compressive force path concept
The load-carrying capacity of an RC structural
member is associated with the strength of
concrete in the region of the paths along which
compressive forces are transmitted to the
supports.

The path of a compressive force may be

visualized as a flow of compressive stresses with
varying sections perpendicular to the path
direction and with the compressive force,
representing the stress resultant at each
section.
 Failure is considered to be related to the
development of tensile stresses in the region of
the path that may develop due to a number of
causes, the main ones being ;

Changes in the path direction

Varying intensity of compressive stress
field along path Stress increase at the tip
of inclined cracks
Bond failure
6. Arch and tie action
Mode of failure is not associated with beam action.
The variation in bending moment along the beam
span is mainly effected by a change of the lever arm
rather than the magnitude of the internal horizontal
actions.

Such behaviour has been found to result from the

fact that the force sustained by the tension
reinforcement of a deep beam at its ultimate limit
state is constant throughout the beam span.
RC deep beam at its ultimate limit state cannot rely
on beam action to sustain the shear forces, it would
have to behave as a tied arch.
COMPRESSION

TENSION

COMPRESSI
ON

TENSI
ON
 7. Deep beam behaviour at ultimate limit state

Behaviour of a deep RC beam with a rectangular cross section and

without shear reinforcement may be divided into two types of
behaviour depending on
either a/d, for beams subjected to two-point loading,
Case 1:Deep
or L/d, forwithout
beam beamsweb
under UDL
reinforcement subjected to two-point loading with a / d=1.5

The Figure indicates that the mode of

failure is characterized by a deep
inclined crack which appears to have
formed within the shear span
independently
The of the
inclined crack flexuralatcracks.
initiates the bottom
face of the beam close to the support,
extends towards the top face of the beam
in the region
Eventually of thefailure
causes load point.
of the compressive zone in the middle zone of
the beam.
The causes of failure should therefore be sought within the middle,
 Failure is associated with a large reduction of the size of the
compressive zone of the cross-section coinciding with the tip
of the main inclined crack.
This type of failure may be prevented either by providing
transverse reinforcement that would sustain the tensile
stresses that cannot be sustained by concrete alone, or by
reducing the compressive stresses.
Transverse reinforcement only within the shear span can be
equally effective.
Such reinforcement reduces the compressive stresses that
develop in the cross-section which coincides with the tip of
the inclined crack, as it sustains a portion of the bending
moment developing in that section.
However, the presence of transverse reinforcement beyond
the critical section is essential, as with stirrups only to the
Case 2 ; Deep beam, without shear reinforcement, under two point loading with a/d = 1.0

This mode of failure is characterized by a

deep inclined crack which appears to have
formed within the shear span
independently of the flexural cracks.
Inclined crack almost coincides with the
lineusually
It joining the loadwithin
starts point and
the the support.
beam web,
almost half way between the loading and
support points, at a load level significantly
lower than the beam load-carrying
capacity, and propagates simultaneously
towards these points with increasing load. Diagonal Splitting
Eventually, collapse of the beam occurs
owing to a sudden extension of the inclined
crack towards the top and bottom face of
the beam in the regions of the load point
and support, respectively, within the shear
 Due to the large compressive forces carried by deep
beams, it is unlikely that, the presence of conventional
web reinforcement in the form of vertical stirrups
considerably improves load-carrying capacity.
Such reinforcement may delay the cracking process but
may give only a small increase in load-carrying capacity.
Web reinforcement is provided in order to prevent splitting
of the inclined portion of the compressive force path
(diagonal splitting).
8. Rebar Detailing

A. SS BEAMS
NOTE:
Anchorage of positive reinforcement may be achieved by bending of the bars in a horizontal
plane
B. CONTINUOUS BEAMS
C. Web Reinforcement in Deep Beams

CASE 1: TOP LOADED DEEP BEAMS

Failure
Pattern in
Load is resisted by ARCH action as it is TOP
stiffer than Truss action LOADED
Stirrups are not necessary as they do not DEEP
BEAMS
cross the cracks
A minimum reinforcement placed in both
vertical and horizontal directions as in RC
walls is adequate.
 In continuous beams
half the flexural
reinforcement
(horizontal) provided
over the supports
may be part of this

Near the supports,

additional bars of
the same size used
for web
reinforcement
should be introduced
as shown
CASE 2: BOTTOM LOADED DEEP BEAMS
Load is resisted mainly by vertical or Failure
inclined tension towards the supports Pattern in
To enable the compression arch to develop, BOTTOM
LOADED
the whole of the suspended load must be DEEP
transferred by means of vertical BEAMS
reinforcement into the compression zone of
the beam.
Suspender Stirrups should completely
surround the bottom flexural reinforcement
and extend into the compression zone of
the beam.
Spacing should not exceed 150 mm
Example 1 Simply Supported Deep Beam

A transfer girder 5.25 m length supports two columns located at

1.75 m from each end. Column loads = 3750 kN . Total depth of
the beam = 4.2m and width of support = 520mm. Concrete Grade
= M40, Fe 415 steel.
Design and Detail the girder.
Leff
1. C/C distance between
supports
2. 1.15 x clear span whichever
is less
Step 1: Check for bearing capacity at support
Let B = Beam width
Allowable stress = 0.45 x 40 = 18MPa
Support width = 520 mm
Effective width of support = 0.2x Clear Span
= 0.2x(5250 - 2x520) = 842 mm
Adopt 520 mm
18 = 1.5 x 3750 x 103 / (520 x B); B = 600 mm
Leff = 5250 - 520 = 4730 mm or 1.15 x (5250 2 x520) = 4841 mm ; L eff =
4730 mm CL 29.2
D/b < 25 or L/b < 50 : 4200/600 = 7 ; 4730/600 = 7.88
L/D = 4730/4200 = 1.13 > 1 and < 2 ; Deep Beam category
Step 2 : Factored Moments, Ast
Mu = 1. 5 x ( 3750 x 1.49) = 8382 kNm
Lever arm Z = 0.2 (Leff + 2D) = 0.2 x (4730 + 2 x 4200) = 2626mm
CL 29.2 (a)
Ast = Mu/(0.87fy Z) = 8382 x106 /(0.87 x 415 x 2626) = 8841 mm2

Ast min = 0.85 x b x D /415 = 0.85 x 600 x 4200 /415 = 5161 mm 2

Step 3: Detailing of Rebars
cl 26.5.1.1
CL 29.3.1
Adopt 18 - #25 , Ast = 8836 mm2
Tension Zone Depth = 0.25 D 0.05Leff =
814
0.25 x 4200 0.05 x 4730 = 814 mm
155
Assume Clear 39

bottom and side cover = 40 mm 600

Step 4: Detailing of Vertical Rebars: CL 32.5
Ast min / m length = 0.0012 x 600 x 1000 = 720
mm2/m
Provide on each face : 360 mm2/m
Spacing of #12 rebars = 1000 x 113/360= 313 mm
Step 5: Detailing
< 450 mm
of Horizontal Rebars
29.3.4 Side Face Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement
Adopt #12@300 shall
mm comply
c/cwith requirements of minimum
reinforcement of walls

Ast min / m length = 0.002 x 600 x 1000 = 1200

mm2/m
Provide on each face : 600 mm2/m
Spacing of #16 rebars = 1000 x 201/600 = 335 mm
End Anchorage as per CL
29.3.1(b)
Anchorage value
Ld 0.8Ld
Dia 50 Dia With 900 With 1800
Bend Hook
8dia* 16 dia** * ** * **
25 1250 -200 -400 1050 850 840 680
16 800 -128 -256 672 544 540 435

For #25 - middle bars Corner

bars
32
5
485 40
5dia 1
40 (125) 355 2
600 (Beam 40 5dia
355
Width) (125
) 1
40
2
520
520 Support Face

ELEVATION PLAN
 #16@300; cl 32.5
#12@300 ; cl 32.5 (a)
Vertical Stirrups
Compression
Zone
3386 mm

#12@300

(c)
TY Vertical additional
2100
rebars near support
P CL 32.5 (a)
Tension Zone
814CL 29.3.1

126
18-#25 0
in 6
Rows #16@300 additional rebars near support (horizontal)
520 adequately anchored as per CL 32.5(c)
5250
Example 2 Simply Supported Deep Beam ; M20, Fe415

Step 1: Check for bearing capacity at support

Allowable stress = 0.45 x 20 = 9MPa
Support width = 500 mm
Effective width of support = 0.2x Clear Span
= 0.2 x 5000 = 1000 mm
Adopt 500 mm
Total Load W = 0.25 x 3.5 x 6 x 25 + 200 x 6 = 1332 kN
Reaction at each support = W/2 =666 kN
Bearing Pressure = 1.5 x 666 x 103 / (500 x 250) = 8 MPa < 9 MPa OK
Leff = 5500 mm or 1.15 x 5000 = 5750 mm ; Leff = 5500 mm CL 29.2
D/b = 14 ; < 25 or L/b=22; < 50
L/D = 5500/3500 = 1.57 > 1 and < 2 ; Deep Beam category
CL 29.1
Step 2 : Factored Moments, Ast
w(kN/m) = 1332/6 = 222 kN/m
Mu = 1. 5 x 222 x 5.52/8 = 1260 kNm
Lever arm Z = 0.2 (Leff+ 2D) = 0.2 x (5500 + 2 x 3500) = 2500mm CL
29.2 (a)
Ast = Mu/(0.87fy Z) = 1260 x 106 /(0.87 x 415 x 2500) = 1396 mm2

Ast min = 0.85 x b x D /415 = 0.85 x 250 x 3500 /415 = 1792 mm2 CL
26.5.1.1
Step 3: Detailing of Rebars
CL 29.3.1
Adopt 10 - #16 , Ast = 2010 mm2
Tension Zone Depth = 0.25 D 0.05Leff = 0.25 x 3500 0.05 x
5500 = 600 mm 140
140
Assume Clear bottom and side cover = 40 mm
140 600
Arrange bars in 5 rows in a depth = 600 mm 140
40

25
Step 4: Detailing of Vertical Rebars: CL 32.5

Ast min / m length = 0.0012 x 250 x 1000 = 300

mm2/m
Provide on each face : 150 mm2/m
Spacing of #10 rebars = 1000 x 78.5/150= 523 mm
> 5:
Step 450 mm of Horizontal Rebars
Detailing
Adopt
29.3.4 #10@450
Side Face mm c/c
Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement shall comply with requirements of minimum
reinforcement of walls

Ast min / m length = 0.002 x 250 x 1000 = 500 mm2/m

Provide on each face : 250 mm2/m
Spacing of #12 rebars = 1000 x 113/250 = 452 mm >
450 mm
Adopt #12@450 mm c/c
End Anchorage as per CL
29.3.1(b)
With 1800
Bend
Dia 50 Dia Anchorage Ld 0.8Ld
value =
16dia
12 600 -192 408 326
16
For #16
800in all rows-256 544 435

64 (min =
4dia)
40
1
2
250 (Beam

380
40 5di
a
Width)

(80 1
) 2
40 Rebars are embedded into the support by
extending it to a maximum possible length
500 Support Face and then providing 1800 hook which project
PLAN along the width of the beam
 #10@450 ; cl
32.5 (a) Compression
Vertical Stirrups Zone
2900#10@450
mm

cl 32.5
#12@
Vertical additional

450

(c)
rebars near support
TY
1750

CL 32.5 (a)
P
Tension Zone
600CL 29.2.1

105 105
0 10 -#16 0
in
5 Rows
#12@450 additional rebars near support (horizontal)
500 adequately anchored as per CL 32.5(c)

6000
Example 3 : Fixed ends and continuous Deep Beam
Step 1: Check for bearing capacity at support
Concrete Grade = M35
Allowable stress = 0.45 x 35 = 15.75 MPa
CL 34.4
Support width = 500 mm
Effective width of support = 0.2x Clear Span
= 0.2 x 5000 = 1000 mm
Adopt 500 mm
Total Load W = 0.25 x 3 x 11.5 x 25 + 200
x11.5 = 2515.625 kN
Reaction at Interior support = W = 2515.625/2
=1257.81 kN
Bearing Pressure = 1.5 x 1257.81 x 103 / (500 x
250)
= 15 MPa < 15.75 MPa
OK
Step 2 : Factored Moments, Ast

w(kN/m) = 2515.625 /11.5 = 218.75 kN/m

Span Moment
Mu = 1. 5 x 218.75 x 5.52/24 = 413.6 kNm
Lever arm Z = 0.2 (Leff + 1.5D) = 0.2 x (5500 + 1.5 x 3000) = 2000mm
CL 29.2 (b)
Ast = Mu/(0.87fy Z) = 413.6 x 106 /(0.87 x 415 x 2000) = 573 mm2

Ast min = 0.85 x b x D /415 = 0.85 x 250 x 3000 /415 = 1536 mm2 CL
26.5.1.1
Adopt 8 - #16 , Ast = 1608 mm2

Support Moment
Mu = 1. 5 x 218.75 x 5.52/12 = 827 kNm
Lever arm Z = 0.2 (Leff + 1.5D) = 0.2 x (5500 + 1.5 x 3000) = 2000mm
CL 29.2 (b)
Step 3: Detailing of Rebars in Span region

CL 29.3.1
Tension Zone Depth = 0.25 D 0.05Leff = 0.25 x 3000 0.05 x
145
5500 = 475 mm
145 475
Assume Clear bottom and side cover = 40 mm 145
Arrange bars in 4 rows in a depth = 475 mm 40

25
0
Step 4: Detailing of Rebars in Support region CL
29.3.2

Clear Span / D = 5000 / 3000 = 1.67 > 1 and < 2.5

Rebars are placed in two zones CL 29.3.2 (b)
Ast = 1536 mm2

Zone1
Depth = 0.2D = 0.2 x 3000 = 600 mm
Ast1 = 1536 x 0.5 x (1.67 0.5) = 900 mm2

Adopt 6 - #16 1206 mm2 in three rows

Zone2
Depth = 0.3D = 0.3 x 3000 = 900 mm on both
sides of mid depth
Ast1 = (1536 900) = 636 mm2

Adopt 6 - #12 678 mm2 in three rows

Step 5: Detailing of Vertical Rebars: CL 32.5

Ast min / m length = 0.0012 x 250 x 1000 = 300

mm2/m
Provide on each face : 150 mm2/m
Spacing of #10 rebars = 1000 x 78.5/150= 523 mm
> 6:
Step 450 mm of Horizontal Rebars
Detailing
Adopt
29.3.4 #10@450
Side Face mm c/c (stirrups)
Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement shall comply with requirements of minimum
reinforcement of walls

Ast min / m length = 0.002 x 250 x 1000 = 500 mm2/m

Provide on each face : 250 mm2/m
Spacing of #12 rebars = 1000 x 113/250 = 452 mm >
450 mm
Adopt #12@450 mm c/c
End Anchorage as per CL 29.3.1(b)

With 1800
Bend
Dia 50 Dia Anchorage Ld 0.8Ld
value =
16dia
12 600 -192 408 326
16
For #16
800in all rows-256 544 435

64 (min =
4dia)
40
1
2
250 (Beam

380
40 5di
a
Width)

(80 1
) 2
40 Rebars are embedded into the support by
extending it to a maximum possible length
500 Support Face and then providing 1800 hook which project
PLAN along the width of the beam
 6 - #16 in 3 Rows
(Zone 1) * Curtailment position
measured from support
1500 1500* 1500* 1500
* *
face
(0.2D) 6 - #16 in
600 3 Rows (Zone 1)
#10@450
(0.6D) 6 - #12 in
3000
1800 3 Rows
(0.5D (Zone2)
) 8 - #16 in
475 1500 4 Rows

#12 @450 0.3D 250

900 900 900
CL 32.5 (c) 900
8 - #16 B
A in C
6 - #12 in #10@450 ; cl
4 Rows
3 Rows 32.5 (a)
(Zone2) Vertical Stirrups
Additional Rebars in
Support Regions (A,B,C)
on both faces
5500 5500
#10@450 (vertical)
+
#12 @450 (Horizontal)
Example 4 : Fixed ends and continuous Deep Beam

A reinforced girder 4.5 m deep is continuous over two spans 9 m c/c, resting on
column supports 900 mm width is to be designed to support a total load of 200 kN/m
including its ownfor
Step 1: Check weight. M20
bearing and Fe415
capacity at support

Concrete Grade = M20; Allowable stress = 0.45 x 20 = 9 MPa CL 34.4

Support width = 900 mm; Effective width of support = 0.2x Clear Span = 0.2 x 8100 =
1620 mm
Adopt 900 mm
Total Load W = 200 x 18.9 = 3780 kN
Reaction at Interior support = W = 3780/2 =1890 kN
1.5 x 1890 x 103 / (900 x B) = 9 ; B = 350 mm
Leff = 9000 mm or 1.15 x 8100 = 9315 mm

Adopt Leff = 9000 mm CL 29.2

D/b = 12.8 < 25 or L/b=25.7 < 50
L/D = 9000/4500 = 2 > 1 and < 2.5
Step 2 : Factored Moments, Ast

Span Moment
Mu = 1. 5 x 200 x 92/24 = 1012.5 kNm
Lever arm Z = 0.2 (Leff + 1.5D) = 0.2 x (9000 + 1.5 x 4500) = 3150mm
CL 29.2 (b)
Ast = Mu/(0.87fy Z) = 1012.5 x 106 /(0.87 x 415 x 3150) = 890 mm2

Ast min = 0.85 x b x D /415 = 0.85 x 350 x 4500 /415 = 3226 mm2 CL
26.5.1.1
Adopt 8 - #25 in 4 rows

Support Moment
Mu = 1. 5 x 200 x 92/12 = 2025 kNm
Ast = Mu/(0.87fy Z) = 2025 x 106 /(0.87 x 415 x 3150) = 1780 mm2

Ast min = 3226 mm2 CL 26.5.1.1

Adopt Ast = 3226 mm2
Step 3: Detailing of Rebars in Span region

CL 29.3.1
Tension Zone Depth = 0.25 D 0.05Leff = 0.25 x 4500 0.05 x
210
9000 = 675 mm
210 675
Assume Clear bottom and side cover = 40 mm 210
Arrange bars in 4 rows in a depth = 675 mm 45

35
0
Step 4: Detailing of Rebars in Support region CL
29.3.2

Clear Span / D = 8100/ 4500 = 1.8 > 1 and < 2.5

Rebars are placed in two zones CL 29.3.2 (b)
Ast = 3226 mm2

Zone1
Depth = 0.2D = 0.2 x 4500 = 900 mm
Ast1 = 3226 x 0.5 x (1.8 0.5) = 2097 mm2

Adopt 8 - #20 2512 mm2 in Four rows

Zone2
Depth = 0.3D = 0.3 x 4500 = 1350 mm on both
sides of mid depth
Ast1 = (3226 2097) = 1129 mm2

Adopt 6 - #16 1206 mm2 in three rows

Step 4: Detailing of Vertical Rebars: CL 32.5

Ast min / m length = 0.0012 x 350 x 1000 = 420

mm2/m
Provide on each face : 210 mm2/m
Spacing of #10 rebars = 1000 x 78.5/210= 373 mm
< 5:
Step 450 mm of Horizontal Rebars
Detailing
Adopt
29.3.4 #10@300
Side Face mm c/c (stirrups)
Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement shall comply with requirements of minimum
reinforcement of walls

Ast min / m length = 0.002 x 350 x 1000 = 700 mm2/m

Provide on each face : 350 mm2/m
Spacing of #12 rebars = 1000 x 113/350 = 322 mm <
450 mm
Adopt #12@300 mm c/c
End Anchorage as per CL 29.3.1(b) With 1800
hook
Dia 50 Dia Anchorage Ld 0.8Ld
value = 16
dia
For # 25 bars 12 600 -192 408 326
16 800 -256 544 435
100 (min = 20 1000 -320 680 544
4dia)
25 1250 -400 850 680
40
1
2
350 (Beam

Rebars are embedded into the support by

735
40 5dia extending it to a maximum possible length
(125
Width)

and then providing 1800 hook which project

) 1
2 along the width of the beam
40
900 Support Face
PLAN
 8 - #20 in 4 Rows
(Zone 1) *0.5D - Curtailment
position measured from
2250 2250* 2250* 2250
* *
support face
(0.2D)
900
(0.6D)
4500
2700
(0.5D)
2250
675

A B C
#12 @300
1350 CL 32.5 (c) 1350 1350 0.3D
1350
8 - #25 Additional Rebars in
in Support Regions (A,B,C)
6 - #16 in #10@300 ; cl
4 Rows
3 Rows 32.5 (a) on both faces
(Zone2) Vertical Stirrups
#10@300 (vertical)
+
9000 9000 #12 @300 (Horizontal)