Project Title

MULTIPLE SENSOR DATA ACQUISITION

Under the Guidance of

Submitted by
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is on multiple sensor data

acquisition. In this project a solar panel is used which
keeps tracking the sunlight. Here different parameters
of the solar panel like the light intensity, voltage,
current and the temperature are monitored.
The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A.
The light intensity is monitored using an LDR sensor,
voltage by voltage divider principle, current by current
sensor and temperature by temperature sensor.
All these data are displayed on a 20X4 LCD interfaced
to the PIC microcontroller.
These sensors continuously monitor the parameters
and the same are displayed on the LCD.
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC)

VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
RECTIFIER
FILTER
PIC Microcontroller (16F877A)
LED
PUSH BUTTONS
SOLAR PANEL
LDR
LCD
1N4007
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
230 V Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator
AC
50
Hz 5V
DC

Filter(470f)
12V step down
transformer
 High-Performance RISC CPU:
Only 35 single-word instructions.
All single-cycle instructions except
for program branches, which are two
cycle.
Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock
input DC 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program
Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes
of EEPROM Data Memory.
Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or
40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and
PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.
100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash
program memory typical.
1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM
memory typical.
Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years.
Self-reprogrammable under software control.
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two
pins.
Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming.
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC
oscillator for reliable operation.
Programmable code protection.
Power saving Sleep mode.
Selectable oscillator options.
In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins.
 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can
be incremented during Sleep via external
crystal/clock.
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period
register, prescaler and postscaler.
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max resolution is 10-bit
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master
mode) and I2C (Master/Slave).
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address
detection.
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with
external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only).
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset
(BOR).
 LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of
silicon,When current passes through the LED, it emits
photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light
by heating a metal filament until its white hot
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light
sources including lower energy consumption, longer
lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster
switching
 SOLAR PANEL
Expose the cell to light, and the energy
from each photon (light particle) hitting
the silicon, will liberate an electron and a
corresponding hole.
If this happens within range of the
electric fields influence, the electrons will
be sent to the N side and the holes to the P
one, resulting in yet further disruption of
electrical neutrality
This flow of electrons is a current; the
electrical field in the cell causes a voltage
and the product of these two is power
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called

semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly
used.
Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is
absorbed within the semiconductor material.
PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force
electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction.
This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on
the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use
externally.
 TEMPERATURE SENSOR(LM35)
Features
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is
not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its
output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or
trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C
at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to

+150C temperature range.

 LDR
A photoresistor or light dependent
resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose
resistance decreases with increasing
incident light intensity.
It can also be referred to as a
photoconductor.
A photo-resistor is made of a high
resistance semiconductor.
If light falling on the device is of high
enough frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the
conduction band.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller

chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates

directly with the LCD.
 LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)
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TH A N