Architecture Discipline

Mechanical
Equipment
ME - 3251
Ventilation

By-
Engr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman
Lecturer , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Introduction to Ventilation(1)
Ventilation:
Ventilating or Ventilation is the process of
changing or replacing air in any space (within
building) to control temperature or remove
moisture odors, smoke, heat dust to an
unobjectionable level. It may be affected either
by mechanical means or by structural means.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to
the outside or fresh air is generally accepted
source for ventilation air.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Introduction to Ventilation(2)
Function/ Purposes of Ventilation:
To supply fresh air to create air movement.
To prevent undue accumulation of CO2 and moisture.
Biologically the limit of existence is 0.05% of CO2by volume
To remove body smells, tames, vapors, odours etc
To prevent condensation
To remove body heat and heat from other sources and thereby
provide cooling
To remove humidity
Factors influencing the required rate of
ventilation: Size of room or building
Number and types of occupants and their activities
Heat gain by the space
Relative humidity
MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET
 Types of Ventilation
Types of ventilation:
Mechanical or forced ventilation: through an air handling unit or direct injection
to a space by a fan. A local exhaust fan can enhance infiltration or natural ventilation,
thus increasing the ventilation air flow rate.
Natural ventilation occurs when the air in a space is changed with outdoor air
without the use of mechanical systems, such as a fan. Most often natural ventilation is
assured
through operable windows but it can also be achieved through temperature and pressure
differences between spaces. Open windows or vents are not a good choice for ventilating a
basement or other below ground structure. Allowing outside air into a cooler below ground
space will cause problems with humidity and condensation. Mixed Mode Ventilation
or Hybrid ventilation: utilises both mechanical and natural ventilation processes. The
mechanical and natural components may be used in conjunction with each other or
separately at different times of day. The natural component, sometimes subject to
unpredictable external weather conditions may not always be adequate to ventilate the
desired space. The mechanical component is then used to increase the overall ventilation
rate so that the desired internal conditions are met. Alternatively the mechanical component
may be used as a control measure to regulate the natural ventilation process, for example, to
restrict the air change rate during periods of high wind speeds.

Infiltration is separate from ventilation, but is often used to provide ventilation air.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Rate of Ventilation(1)
Ventilation rate:
The ventilation rate, for CII buildings, is normally expressed
by the volumetric flowrate of outside air being introduced to the
building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM)
or liters per second (L/s). The ventilation rate can also be
expressed on a per person or per unit floor area basis, such as
CFM/p or CFM/ft, or as air changes per hour.

For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for

meeting their ventilation needs, the common ventilation rate
measure is the number of times the whole interior volume of air
is replaced per hour, and is called air changes per hour (I
or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from
0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly insulated house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a
loosely insulated house.
MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET
 Rate of Ventilation(2)
Recommendation rate of ventilation:
The actual rate of inflation of air is0.5to5.0
m3/hr/person, depending on activity. A supply of fresh
air at a rate, 4 to 5 times higher than the actual rate of
inhalation is necessary for maintaining a satisfactory
environment. Generally an adequate air supply can be
ensured simply by keeping the doors and windows
open. When door and windows are to be kept closed,
ventilation requirements with have to be satisfied by
mechanical means.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Rate of Ventilation(3)

From the Recommended Minm rates of fresh air supply (i.e. air charge) the required rate
of ventilation can be found out as follows:
1. Calculate the total interior space in m3.
2. Multiply this volume by the recommended number of air charges. 3. Divide this
product by 3600 to obtain the required rate of ventilation in m 3/sec. As an
approximation, the minimum required ventilation rate may be taken to be 30
m3/hr/person. This rate may be used for schools, assembly halls, hospitals etc. Where
smoking occurs this rate should be doubled.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 System of Mechanical Ventilation(1)
The Means & the systems of Mechanical ventilation:
In mechanical ventilation, the air is moved by motor
driven fans which can be of two types-----
Propeller type or axial flow fans
Impeller type or centrifugal (tangential) flow fans

These can be local i.e. built into a window or may be

central i.e. located away from the space at a central
location in which case ducts will be necessary to
delivered and distribute the air to where it is required

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 System of Mechanical Ventilation(2)
The systems for mechanical installation for ventilation can be of
the following three types:
An exhaust
system:
In this system, the used air is removed with an exhaust fan and fresh air finds its
way in through grilles and openings. The room will be under reduced pressure
in this case.
A plenum system:
In this system, fresh air is supplied into the space with a fan and used air is
forced out through grilles etc. The room will be slightly under increased
pressure in this case.
A Balanced system:
In this system, supplying of fresh air and simultaneous removal of used air is
affected by the use of fans. This is the most desirable system although more
expensive. This system is particularly useful when combined with air- heating
as it permits partial recirculation.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Filters(1)
With a plenum or a balanced system, the fresh air is normally filtered at the
point of intake. Filtering of the air can be done by any of the following means:
1. Using Dry filters
2. Using wet filters
3. Using air washer
4. Using Electrostatic filters

Dry Filters:
These are fibrous or porous materials made of paper cloth, glass fibre etc.
These are normally disposable i.e. through away after one time use.

Wet filters:
These are fibrous or porous materials made of expanded metal, glass fibre,
steel wool, bronze or copper wool etc. which are coated with oil. When the
incoming fresh air moves across these filters impurities are trapped in the adhesive
oil. The filters can be cleaned and reused.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Filters(2)
Air washer:
These consist of either a fine spray of water or a curtain of
water flowing down the face of metal or poratain grill through
which the air is down. The welt able dirt is removed from the
air stream by this process.

Electrostatic Filters:
These consist of electrode plates which remove the dust
particles by electrically charging them and then attracting them
to the plates.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Cooling By Ventilation
Cooling by ventilation:
Apart from the health and hygiene, ventilation can also provide cooling simply
by replacing the warm inside air with cooler outside air. The rate of ventilation
heat flow can be described by the equation
Qv= 1300 *V*T
Where,
Qv=ventilation heat flow rate in watt (i.e. Joule/sec)
1300=Volumetric specific heat of air in Joule/m3.0C
V= the ventilation rate in m3/sec
T= the temperature difference between the outdoor and the indoor air. in 0C

Cooling can also be affected by the process of evaporation when air is allowed to
flow through the space. This phenomenon can be successfully utilized for the
cooling of air when the air itself is dry so that the moisture does not cause
inconvenience. In fact it may significantly improve the condition in a hot-day
climate.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

Mechanical ventilation system is
recommended - at least in Passive
Houses(1)---self study

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

Mechanical ventilation system is recommended
at least in Passive Houses(2)
The scheme of a comfortable ventilation system. Stale air (brown) is removed permanently
from the rooms with the highest air pollution. Fresh air (green) is supplied to the living
rooms.

The health and comfort of the inhabitants are the most important objectives of a Passive
House design. Excellent indoor air quality is indispensable. But this can only be achieved if
stale air is exchanged with fresh outdoor air at regular intervals. This can definitely not be
done by just opening windows twice a day.
Ventilation will work accurately only if polluted air is removed constantly out of kitchen,
bathrooms, and all other room with significant air pollution. Fresh air has to be supplied to
the living room, childrens room, sleeping rooms, and workrooms to substitute the removed
air.
The system will supply exactly as much fresh air as is needed for comfort and for good
indoor air quality; only outdoor air will be supplied - no recirculated air. This will lead to a
high level of indoor air quality.

What has been discussed so far could be satisfied by using a simple exhaust fan ventilation
system, where the air is supplied through direct vents in external walls. These vents allow
fresh (cold) air to enter the room at the required rate. However, for a Passive House, the heat
losses caused by such a system are much to high.

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

Mechanical ventilation system is recommended
at least in Passive Houses(3)

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Problems/ Mathematics(1)
Prob 01:
An auditorium has a capacity of 1000 seats and a volume of 6000 m 3. The
recommended minm rate of fresh air supply is 2 air charges per hour. Calculate the
minm required ventilation rate m3/sec and compare this rate with the
specification that fresh air supply rate should be at least 4 to 5 times higher than the
actual rate of inhalation.(Assume an inhalation rate of air of2 m3/ hr/person).

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Problems/ Mathematics(2)
Prob. 02:
The internal heat gain in a space is 5 KW. The indoor air
temperature is at a comfortable 280C while the outdoor
temperature is 180C. (a) Calculate the appropriate ventilation
rate, (b) If the indoor temperature is desired to be reduced,
what are the options available in relation to the ventilation?

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 Problems/ Mathematics(3)

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET

 The End

MD. MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, ME, KUET