PIC : ADDRESSING MODE

Most common fields found

in instruction format are :

1.OPERATION CODE

2.ADDRESS FIELD

3.MODE FIELD
Operation field of instruction :
specifies operation to be
performed.

This operation = must be

executed on some data stored
in registers/memory words

The way operands are chosen =

depends on ADDRESSING MODE
 IMPLIED MODE
OPERANDS are specified IMPLICITLY in
definition of instruction.

EXAMPLE : INSTRUCTION : COMPLEMENT

ACCUMULATOR

Operand in accumulator register is implied

in definition of instruction

All register reference instructions that use

an accumulator are implied mode
instructions.
 IMMEDIATE MODE
Operand is specified in
instruction itself

Operand is part of instruction

Operand = address field
e.g. ADD 5
Add 5 to contents of
accumulator
5 is operand
 REGISTER MODE
Operand is held in register named
in address field
REGISTER INDIRECT MOD
Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
AUTOINCREMENT OR AUTODECREMENT MODE

Similar to register indirect mode

EXCEPT that register is
incremented or decremented after
(or before) its value is used to
access memory.
DIRECT ADDRESS MODE
Address field contains address of
operand

Effective address (EA) = address

field (A)

Single memory reference to

access data

No additional calculations to work

out effective address
NDIRECT ADDRESS MODE
Address field gives the address where the
effective address is stored in memory.
ELATIVE ADDRESS MODE
Content of Program counter + Address part of
instruction

Example :

PC = 825

Address part = 24

Instruction at location 825 is read from

memory during fetch phase and

PC= 826

Effective address = 826 + 24 = 850 // 24

INDEXED ADDRESS MOD
Content of index register + address
part of instruction

Index register = special register that

contains index value

Address field = defines the beginning

address of a data array.

Index register can be incremented to

facilitate access to consecutive
elements.
ASE REGISTER ADDRESSING MOD

Content of base register + address

part

Base register = similar to index

register

Only difference : Index register used to

hold index number

Base register holds a base

address
 200 Load to Mode
PC=200 201 AC Address=
500
Next
202
R1=400 Instruction

399 450
400 700
XR=100

500 800
AC

600 900

702 325

800 300
 DIRECT ADDRESS MODE

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS = 500

OPERAND LOADED = 800

IMMEDIATE MODE

Second word is taken as operand rather than address

So 500 is loaded into AC

Effective address = 201

INDIRECT MODE

Effective address =800

Operand = 300
 RELATIVE MODE

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS = 500 + 202=702

OPERAND = 325

INDEX MODE

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS = XR + 500 = 100 +500=600

OPERAND = 900

Register mode

Operand is in R1 and 400 is loaded into AC

No effective address

REGISTER INDIRECT MODE

Effective address =400=content of R1

Operand = 700
 AUTOINCREMENT MODE

Same as register indirect mode except R1 is

incremented to 401 after execution of instruction

AUTODECREMENT MODE

Decrements R1 to 399 prior to execution

Operand loaded into AC = 450

OPIC : INSTRUCTION FORMAT
Format of instruction = depicted in
rectangular box symbolizing bits as they
appear in memory word.

Bits of instruction are divided into

groups called FIELDS.

Most common fields :

1Operation Code : specifies operation

to be performed

2Address Field : designates a memory

address or processor register
egister address
Operations specified by computer instructions
are executed on some data STORED IN MEMORY
OR PROCESSOR REGISTERS.

Operands residing in memory : specified by

their memory address

Operands residing in processor registers :

specified by register address

Register address : binary number of k bits that

defines one of 2k registers in CPU.

Example : CPU with 16 processor registers R0

through R15 will have a register address field of
four bits.
Computers may have instructions of
several different lengths containing
varying number of addresses.

No of address fields in instruction format

depends on internal organization of its
registers.

Most computers fall into one of three

types of organization :

1..SINGLE ACCUMULATOR ORGANIZATION

2GENERAL REGISTER ORGANIZATION

SINGLE ACCUMULATOR ORGANIZATION
All operations are performed with an
implied accumulator register.

Instruction format = uses one address

field.

Example : ADD X

X = address of operand

Interpretation : AC <- AC + M[X] //

AC is accumulator register and M[X]
memory word at address X
 GENERAL REGISTER ORGANIZATION

Instruction format needs three register

address fields.

Example : ADD R1,R2,R3

INTERPRETATION : R1 <- R2 + R3

NO OF ADDRESS FIELDS CAN BE REDUCED

FROM THREE TO TWO IF DESTINATION
REGISTER IS SAME AS ONE OF SOURCE
REGISTERS.

EXAMPLE : ADD R1 , R2

INTERPRETATION : R1 <- R1 + R2
EXAMPLE : MOV R1,R2

INTERPRETTAION : R1 <- R2 OR
R2 <- R1

EXAMPLE : ADD R1, X

INTERPRETATION : R1 <- R1 + M[X]

//Two address fields one for
register R1 and other for memory
address X
 STACK ORGANIZATION

Computers with stack organization would have

PUSH and POP instructions which require an
address field.

Example : PUSH X //pushes the word X to the

top of stack

Stack pointer is updated automatically.

Example : ADD //This instruction contains

only operation code with no address field

This operation has effect of popping the two

numbers from stack, adding numbers ,pushing
sum into stack.
 TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONS
Evaluate X= (A+B) * (C+D)
Three address
Computers with three address instrn format can use each
address field to specify either a processor register or a
memory operand.
Two address
Here also each address field can specify either a
processor register or a memory word.
One address
They use an implied accumulator register for all
data manipulations.

T is address of temporary memory location required for

storing intermediate result.
Zero address
Absence of address field

TOS : TOP OF STACK