The American Nation

Chapter 9
Launching the New
Government, 17891800

Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 The American Nation

Chapter 9: Launching the New Government, 17891800

Section 1: Washington Takes Office

Section 2: Creating a Foreign Policy

Section 3: Political Parties Emerge

Section 4: The Second President

Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Washington Takes Office
Chapter 9, Section 1

What steps did Washington take to make

the new government work?
What was Hamiltons plan to reduce the
nations debt and build the economy?
What were the causes and results of the
Whiskey Rebellion?
 Making the New Government Work
Chapter 9, Section 1

First Inauguration Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789. A presidential

inauguration is the ceremony in which the President takes the
oath of office. The first inaugural was a simple affair.
First Cabinet Congress created five departments to help the President. The
heads of the departments made up the Cabinet. Members of the
Cabinet advised the President and directed their departments.
Washington set a precedent, or an example for others to follow,
by choosing well-known leaders to serve in the Cabinet.
The Judiciary Act In 1789, Congress passed the Judiciary Act, which set up the
federal court system. Washington named John Jay the first Chief
Justice of the United States.
Time in Office Washington set another precedent when he decided not to run
for a third term. Not until 1940 did any President seek a third
term.
 The Nations Debt
Chapter 9, Section 1
 Hamiltons Plan for the Economy
Chapter 9, Section 1

The problem
The United States had a huge national debtthe total amount of money that
a government owes to others. The national government and state
governments had borrowed by issuing bondscertificates that promise to
repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date.
The debate
Hamiltonthe federal government must repay both federal and state debts
by buying up the old bonds and issuing new ones. The United States must
repay all debts so it wont lose the trust of investors.
MadisonHamiltons plan would reward speculatorspeople who invest in
a risky venture in hopes of a large profit. They shouldnt make a big profit
on the war. Besides, most southern states have already paid their debts.
Other states should do the same.
The compromise
Hamilton promised to support putting the nations capital in the South if
southerners agreed to his plan for repaying state debts.
 Hamiltons Plan for the Economy
Chapter 9, Section 1

Bank of the to encourage The government deposited

United States economic growth money from taxes in the Bank.
The Bank issued paper money to
pay the governments bills and
make loans to farmers and
businesses.
Tariff, or tax, on to make imported Hamilton and many northerners
foreign goods goods more wanted a high tariff to protect
expensive than American goods from foreign
American-made competition. Southern farmers
goods opposed a high tariff. Congress
passed a tariff, but it was lower than
the tariff Hamilton wanted.
 Causes and Results of the Whiskey Rebellion
Chapter 9, Section 1
Causes
To raise money for the
Treasury, Congress approved
a tax on all liquor made and
sold in the United States.
Backcountry farmers grew
corn. It was easier to get
their product to market if
they turned their corn into
whiskey first. They hated the
tax on whiskey. They
rebelled, marching in protest
and tarring and feathering
tax collectors.
Results
Washington called up the
militia and sent them to
put down the rebellion.
The rebels fled back to
their farms. The national
government had shown
that it would act firmly in
times of crisis. It also
showed that violence
would not be tolerated.
 Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1

To help President Washington carry out his duties, the first Congress
a) passed the Judiciary Act.
b) created the Bank of the United States.
c) created five departments whose heads made up the Cabinet of
advisors.
d) agreed to place the nations capital near his home along the Potomac.

Hamilton thought the national government should pay off both national and
state war debts because
a) it showed the government would act firmly in a time of crisis.
b) if it didnt, it would lose the trust of future investors.
c) it was not fair for speculators to make a profit on the war.
d) it would protect local industry from foreign competition.

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 Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1

To help President Washington carry out his duties, the first Congress
a) passed the Judiciary Act.
b) created the Bank of the United States.
c) created five departments whose heads made up the Cabinet of
advisors.
d) agreed to place the nations capital near his home along the Potomac.

Hamilton thought the national government should pay off both national and
state war debts because
a) it showed the government would act firmly in a time of crisis.
b) if it didnt, it would lose the trust of future investors.
c) it was not fair for speculators to make a profit on the war.
d) it would protect local industry from foreign competition.

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 Creating a Foreign Policy
Chapter 9, Section 2

How was American opinion divided over

the French Revolution?
Why did Washington want the nation to
remain neutral in foreign affairs?
Why was it difficult for the United States to
remain neutral?
 American Opinions of the French Revolution
Chapter 9, Section 2

The French Revolution

In 1789, the French rebelled against their king. The peasants and the
middle class paid heavy taxes, while nobles paid none. Reformers wanted
a constitution to limit the kings power and protect basic rights.
American Views Favoring the French Revolution
Americans knew what it meant to struggle for liberty.
France had been their first ally.
Americans admired the Marquis de Lafayette, who had fought with them in
the American Revolution.
Jefferson: The French had the right to use violence to win freedom.
American Views Against the French Revolution
The revolution turned violent. The king, queen, and tens of thousands of
others were executed.
Hamilton and Adams: Democracy cant be created through widespread
violence.
 Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral
Chapter 9, Section 2

Following the French Revolution, wars broke out

between France and England.
Washington had to decide on a foreign policythe
actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations.
Washington knew the United States had signed a treaty
with France that made the two countries allies. He
worried that the United States could not honor the
treaty and still remain neutral, or not take sides.
After much debate, Washington issued the Neutrality
Proclamation, which stated that the United States
would not support either side in the war. It forbade
Americans from aiding either side.
 Difficulties Over Neutrality
Chapter 9, Section 2

Warring European nations seized American ships.

John Jay negotiated a treaty with Great Britain. Jays
Treaty said:
Britain had to pay damages for seized American ships.
Britain agreed to give up its forts in the West.
Americans had to pay debts owed to British
merchants.
Many Americans protested Jays Treaty because it did
nothing to protect the rights of neutral American ships.
When Washington retired, in his Farewell Address he
advised Americans to stay out of European affairs.
 Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2

Many Americans turned against the French Revolution when

a) John Jay got the British to sign a treaty.
b) Thomas Jefferson condemned the revolution.
c) the French started seizing American ships.
d) the revolution became increasingly violent.

President Washingtons foreign policy proclamation said that

a) in the European conflict, the United States would support France.
b) in the European conflict, the United States would remain neutral.
c) in the European conflict, the United States would support Britain.
d) individual Americans could make up their own minds and aid either
side.

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 Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2

Many Americans turned against the French Revolution when

a) John Jay got the British to sign a treaty.
b) Thomas Jefferson condemned the revolution.
c) the French started seizing American ships.
d) the revolution became increasingly violent.

President Washingtons foreign policy proclamation said that

a) in the European conflict, the United States would support France.
b) in the European conflict, the United States would remain neutral.
c) in the European conflict, the United States would support Britain.
d) individual Americans could make up their own minds and aid either
side.

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 Political Parties Emerge
Chapter 9, Section 3

Why did many Americans distrust the idea

of political parties?
How did the views of Hamilton and
Jefferson differ?
Why did political parties develop?
How did the election of 1796 increase
political tensions?
 Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties
Chapter 9, Section 3

Americans had seen how factions, or opposing

groups within parties, worked in Britain. Members
of factions were often more interested in personal
gain than in public good.
Political parties could be a threat to national
unity. They could lead to jealousies and false
alarms.
 The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3
Issue Hamiltons Views
Manufacturing Thought the government
or farming should encourage
manufacturing and trade.
Favored cities and
merchants.
Federal or state Federal government should
power have greater power than
state governments. A strong
federal government would
increase commerce and
keep the peace.
Jeffersons Views
Thought farmers were the
backbone of the nation.
Feared manufacturing would
concentrate power in the
hands of a few wealthy
Americans.
A small federal government
would protect individual
freedom. A strong federal
government might take over
powers the Constitution
gave to the states.
 The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3

Issue Hamiltons Views Jeffersons Views

Strict or loose Preferred a loose Preferred a strict
interpretation of interpretation of the interpretation. Any power
the Constitution Constitution. Believed the not specifically given to the
Constitution gave Congress federal government
the power to make all laws belonged to the states. The
necessary and proper to Bank of the United States
carry out its duties. The was unconstitutional, or not
Bank of the United States permitted by the
was necessary. Constitution.
Britain or France Wanted close ties with Wanted close ties with
Britain. France.
 Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3

Hamilton and Jefferson clashed in private.

Jefferson and James Madison decided to organize
the supporters of their views. They met with leading
New York politicians.
Leaders in other states organized to support either
Hamilton or Jefferson. Jeffersons supporters called
themselves Democratic Republicans. Hamiltons
supporters were called Federalists.
Newspapers began to take sides.
The two political parties took part in the election of
1796.
 Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
Federalists vs.
Were led by Alexander Hamilton
Believed wealthy and well educated
should lead nation
Favored strong central government
Emphasized manufacturing,
shipping, and trade
Favored loose interpretation of
Constitution
Were pro-British
Favored national bank
Favored protective tariff
Republicans
Were led by Thomas Jefferson
Believed people should have
political power
Favored strong state governments
Emphasized agriculture
Favored strict interpretation of
Constitution
Were pro-French
Opposed national bank
Opposed protective tariff
 The Election of 1796
Chapter 9, Section 3

Republican Candidates vs. Federalist Candidates

Thomas Jefferson for President John Adams for President

Aaron Burr for Vice President Thomas Pinckney for Vice President

The Winners
John Adams for President
Thomas Jefferson for Vice President
 Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3

One issue the first political parties clashed over was

a) which should be strongerthe central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.

In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the
second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the
election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same
ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.

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 Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3

One issue the first political parties clashed over was

a) which should be strongerthe central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.

In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the
second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the
election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same
ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.

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 The Second President
Chapter 9, Section 4

How did John Adams handle the conflict

with France?
Why did the Federalist party split?
How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise
the issue of the rights of states?
What role did Congress play in the
election of 1800?
 John Adams and the Conflict With France
Chapter 9, Section 4

France objected to Jays Treaty. The French said it favored Britain.

French ships began to seize American ships.
Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the rights of neutral
nations.
The French foreign minister sent three agents to offer the
Americans a deal. The agents asked for a $250,000 bribe and a
$10 million loan to France before they would talk.
Adams told Congress. Because he called the French agents X, Y,
and Z, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair.
The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams refused to ask
Congress to declare war on France.
Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building frigates, fast-
sailing ships with many guns.
 The Federalist Party Splits
Chapter 9, Section 4

Hamilton and his Adams and his

Federalist supporters Federalist supporters
wanted a war with wanted to avoid war
France. with France.
War with France would Adams wanted to keep
weaken the Republican the country out of
party. European affairs.
War would force the He sent American
United States to build up diplomats to France. The
its military forces. This new French leader
would increase federal agreed to stop seizing
power. American ships.
 The Alien and Sedition Acts and States Rights
Chapter 9, Section 4

During the crisis with France, Federalists passed the

Alien and Sedition acts.
Alien Act
The President could expel any alien thought to be
dangerous to the country.
The number of years immigrants had to wait to
become citizens was raised from 5 to 14.
Sedition Act
Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a
government. Under this law, citizens could be fined or
jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
 The Alien and Sedition Acts and States Rights
Chapter 9, Section 4

Jefferson and the Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition

acts. Jefferson argued that states had the right to nullify, or
cancel, a law passed by the federal government. Kentucky and
Virginia passed resolutions supporting Jeffersons view.

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions

These resolutions claimed that each state has an equal
right to judge for itself whether a law is constitutional.
If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the state can
nullify that law within its borders.
These resolutions raised the issue of states rights. Does
the federal government have only those powers listed in the
Constitution? If so, the states possess all other powers.
 Congress and the Election of 1800
Chapter 9, Section 4

Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson for

President and Aaron Burr for Vice President.
Federalists supported John Adams.
Republicans won the popular vote.
In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each
received 73 votes.
The election went to the House of Representatives
to decide.
After four days and 36 votes, the House chose
Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
 Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4

Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition
acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the
government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.

The issue of states rights raises questions about

a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the Presidents power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to
the states.

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 Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4

Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition
acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the
government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.

The issue of states rights raises questions about

a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the Presidents power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to
the states.

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