Analog

Communicati
on
Multiplexin
g: FDM
and TDM
 Outline
Introduction
Multiplexing
Different type of Multiplexing
Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM)
Time division multiplexing
(TDM)
Advantages/disadvantages
PAM/TDM System 2
 Introduction
Under the simplest conditions, a
medium can carry only one signal at
any moment in time.
For multiple signals to share one
medium, the medium must
somehow be divided, giving each
signal a portion of the total
bandwidth.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 3

 Introduction
Transmission services are very
expensive
Leased lines, packet switched
Multiplexi and compression
networks
saves
ng the business money.
techniques
As thedata capacity of
lines increases, it will become
more cost effective for the company.
Most data services
require modest data
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah
rate
, March, 2017 4
 Introduction
The current techniques that
can accomplish this include:
frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
time division multiplexing (TDM)

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 5

 Multiplexing
Multiplexor(MUX)
De-multiplexor (DEMUX)
Sometimes just called a MUX

Simple block diagram of Mux-

Demux pair

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 6

 Different type of
Multiplexers
Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM)
Time division multiplexing
(TDM)

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 7

FD
M

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 8

 Frequency division
multiplexing
(FDM)
Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM) divided
Frequen spectrumis
multiple logical
cy among
channels.
Eac user can have access to its
assigned
h own frequencies
or logical channels
at
all the time the individual user is
active.
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 9
Frequency Division
Multiplexing

Frequency Division
Multiplexing 1
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 0
 Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Sends the signal(FDM)
in several distinct frequency
ranges.
Used in cable TV to carry multiple video
channel on a single cable
Each signal is modulated on the different
carrier frequency and the carrier frequencies
are separated by guard-bands.
It is important to state that the Bandwidth of
the transmission medium must exceeds the
required bandwidth of all the signals.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 11

Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Analog signaling is used to transmits the
signals.
Broadcast radio and television, cable
television, and the AMPS cellular phone
systems use frequency division
multiplexing.
This technique is the oldest multiplexing
technique.
Since it involves analog
signaling, it is more
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 12
 FDM System-Transmitter

Transmit
ter

Spectrum of
composite
baseband
modulating signal
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 13
 FDM System-Transmitter
In FDM we assign non-overlapping frequency
ranges to each user or signal on a medium
so that all signals are transmitted at the
same time, each using different frequencies.
Multiple message signals (m1(t),m2(t).mn(t))
from multiple sources are modulated over
different subcarrier Frequencies (f1,f2fn) and
send them to an adder.
Now this composite signal (Adder output) is
further modulated over carrier frequency fc
and the transmitted over the channel.
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 14
Another View of
understanding
FDM transmitter (MUX)
process

FDM System-
Transmitter
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 15
FDM System-Receiver

Receiv
er

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 16

 FDM System-Receiver
In FDM receiver we first get the FDM
transmitted signal which was centered
around fc and then pass this composite
signal with suitable band-pass filters.
These band-pass filters have the
same central
frequencies as the subcarriers of FDM
transmitter.
Now these s1,s2.sn are passed through
respective demodulators to get the
actual message signals (m1(t),m2(t)
.mn(t)). Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 17
 Another View of
understanding
FDM receiver (De-MUX)
process

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 18

 Disadvantages of FDM
The problem with the FDM is that it cannot
utilize the full
capacity of the system.
We need to ensure that the adjacent band do
not overlap each other otherwise signal in
one band may affect (interfere) the signal in
other band.
Although system has the capacity then also in
some cases the channel can not pass the
actual signal.(discuss)
Note:
FDM is usually usedto carry analog
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 19
TD
M

2
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 0
Time Division
Multiplexing(TDM)
In time division multiplexing the time is
divided into multiple smaller units called
slots and each user is given a slot to
transmit it signal.
Each user have the entire bandwidth of the
channel for a short duration of time.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common
examples
of time division multiplexing.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 21

Time Division
Multiplexing(TDM)

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 22

Time Division
Multiplexing(TDM)
Used for digital signals or analog signals
carrying digital data.
Data rate of the transmission medium
exceeds the required data rate of all the
signals.
Clock synchronization is one of the major
issue in TDM systems as a small mismatch in
the timing may ruin the utility of overall
system.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 23

Time Division
Multiplexing(TDM)
An important feature of sampling process
is a conservation of time.
In principle, the communication link is
usedonly at the sampling time
instances.
Hence, it may be feasible to put other
messages samples between adjacent
samples of this message on a time-shared
basis.
This forms the time-division multiplex
(TDM) system.
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 24
PAM/TDM
System

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 25

 PAM/TDM System
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is the time
interleaving of samples from several sources
so that the information from these sources
can be transmitted serially over a single
communication channel.
Simultaneous transmission of several signals
on a time-
sharing basis.
The input message signals from multiple
sources(1,2..N) are first passed through
the LPF to reduce the aliasing effect.
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 26
PAM/TDM System

PAM/TDM Transmitter-Receiver
System

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 27

 PAM/TDM System
Th commutator actually
e
purposes:
serves the two
It takes a narrow sample of each of the N
input messages at a rate fs slightly
higher than 2B, where B is the cutoff
frequency of the anti-aliasing filter
Interleaves these N samples inside the
sampling interval Ts.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 28

 PAM/TDM System
The price we pay for TDM is that N samples
be squeezed in a time slot of duration Ts.
Synchronization is essential for a
satisfactory operation of the TDM system.
One possible procedure to synchronize the
transmitter and receiver clocks is to set
aside a code element or pulse at the end of
a frame, and to transmit this pulse every
other frame only.

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 29

 PAM/TDM System
At receiverthe De- action
the
performed
Commutation
and the signal is passed
is from
the LPF in order to get the message signal
back from the samples.
The example given on the next slide gives
the signal
samples of 4 signal sources.

3
Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 0
PAM/TDM System

Illustration of 4 channel PAM/TDM

System

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 31

 References
Taub H.,Schilling D.L.,Saha G.
Taubs Principle of
Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill,
Third edition
http://opencourses.emu.edu.tr/file.php/11/
Lecture_
Notes/Chapter3_Lect8.ppt
Forouzan B. A, Data
Communications and
Networking, McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 32

Telecom, QUEST Nawabshah , March, 2017 33