Professional Documents
Culture Documents
mishra
XIMB
1
YEAR % OF GNPA TO GROSS
ADVANCES
2010- 11 2.24
11-12 2.98
12-13 3.64
13-14 4.32
14-15 5.00
15-16 9.50
2
Bank % of Govt Ownership
IDBI 73.98
IOB 73.58
BOI 70.32
PNB 62.08
BOB 59.24
3
Year Net Profit in Crore Rs
10-11 43697
11-12 48222
12=13 49721
13-14 36722
14-15 36350
15-16 - 17672
4
Bank Tier- I capital in %
Indian bank 12.1
BOB 10.8
J&K bank 10.6
SBI 9.9
United bank 7.9
Syndicate bank 7.8
UCO bank 7.6
Source : Capital line- as on march,16
5
Year Capital infusion in crores
of Rs
2012- 13 12517
13- 14 14000
14- 15 6990
15-16 19950
16-17 25,000
6
YEAR SOLVELCY RATIO IN %
2010-11 13.7
11-12 18.04
12-13 23.65
13-14 29.81
14-15 33.97
15-16 66.31
7
Loan MARCH, MARCH, MARCH, MARCH
Book 13 14 15 16
(%)
GROSS 3.4 4.1 4.45 9.50
NPA
Net NPA - 2.2 2.36 4.63
OVER 9.2 10.0 10.90 13.10
ALL
SRESSED
ADVANC
ES
8
Performimg assets: Healthy accounts
NPA.. Non Performing AssetsBorrower
Wise..to be idetifiednot facility
Term loan If Interest and/or Principal remain
overdue/unpaid(from the due date) for a
period of more than 90 days (one quarter)
Any amount due to the bank under any credit
facility is overdue if it is not paid on the due date
fixed by the bank
Bills purchased & Discounted: Bills remain
overdue for period of 90 days
Investments: If interest\principal is unpaid for
90 days from due date except Sovereign
securities
A non performing asset (NPA) is a loan or an advance where;
i. interest and/ or instalment of principal remain overdue for a
period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan,
ii. the account remains out of order, in respect of an
Overdraft/Cash Credit (OD/CC),
iii. the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in
the case of bills purchased and discounted,
iv. the instalment of principal or interest thereon remains
overdue for two crop seasons for short duration crops,
v. the instalment of principal or interest thereon remains overdue
for one crop season for long duration crops,
10
While granting Loans, realistic repayment schedule
to be fixed by banks.
Income recognized on actual basis
Right of appropriation by the banks
Stop further application of interest to the account
from the date of NPA
Interest Moratorium period account is PA
Balance of Rs 5crore and above,
stock audit by external Auditors annually.
11
For preference shares where the fixed
dividend is not paid. If the dividend
on preference shares (cumulative or
non- cumulative) is not declared/paid
in any year it would be treated as
due/unpaid in arrears and the date
of balance sheet of the issuer for that
particular year would be reckoned as
due date for the purpose of asset
classification.
12
CC/OD If the account is
out of order for more
than 90 days. During Q1 of 2015-16
the credit is inadequate Case I Case II Case III
to cover the interest
charged Sanctioned
Either Outstanding Limit 10,00,000 10,00,000 10,00,000
balance is continuously
above the sanctioned Outstanding
limit or Balance 8,00,000 12,00,000 8,00,000
there is no credit to
Interest
account or credits are not charged 1,10,000 1,10,000 1,10,000
enough to cover the
interest debited during Amount
Credited to
the same period, these Bank 80,000 1,20,000 0
accounts should be
treated as 'out of order
If any credit facility availed by the issuer of a
security is declared as NPA, then investment in
any of the securities issued by the same issuer is
also treated as NPI including preference share.
However, if only the preference shares are
classified as NPI, the investment in any of the
other performing securities issued by the same
issuer may not be classified as NPI and any
performing credit facilities granted to that
borrower need not be treated as NPA. &
Vice versa..Why ?
To reduce the default ratio 14
Exception : For any Central Govt. Guaranteed
Securities/Advances.. NPA norms are not applicable..not
to State Govt. Guaranteed Securities until the Central
Government have repudiated the guarantee
15
If the realisable value of the security, as
assessed by the bank/ approved valuers/ RBI is
less than 10 per cent of the outstanding in the
borrowal accounts, the existence of security
should be ignored and the asset should be
straightaway classified as loss asset.
Similarly, if the realisable value of the security
is less than 50% of the outstanding, the asset
will straight forward taken as Doubtfull .
16
Classified into Three Categories on the basis
of severity of Credit Weakness
Sub Standard Assets
NPA for less than equal to 12 months
DA
Un Secured 100%
Portion Provisions
Realizable
Value<10%
100%
Secured Provisions
LA Portion
19
100%
Un Secured
Provisions
Portion
(a)direct advances to agricultural and Small and Micro
Enterprises (SMEs) sectors at 0.25 per cent;
(b) advances to Commercial Real Estate (CRE) Sector at 1.00
per cent;
(c) advances to Commercial Real Estate Residential Housing
Sector (CRE - RH) at 0.75 per cent
(d) housing loans extended at teaser rates and restructured
advances as as indicated in 2.0 and 4.25 respectively;
(e) all other loans and advances not included in (a) (b) and (c)
above at 0.40 per cent.
(ii) The provisions on standard assets should not be reckoned
for arriving at net NPA
20
Banks should recognise income on accrual basis
in respect of the projects under implementation,
which are classified as standard
Banks which have wrongly recognised income in
the past should reverse the interest if it was
recognised as income during the current year or
make a provision for an equivalent amount if it
was recognised as income in the previous
year(s) including GOVT guaranteed Account.
21
Income from NPA is recognized upon
realizable basis
Sale of NPA: min(sale price, book
value)
If sale price is less than book value
provision to be made
Surplus will be ignored
22
The regulatory norms for provisioning represent the
minimum requirement. A bank may voluntarily make specific
provisions for advances at rates which are higher than the
rates prescribed under existing regulations, to provide for
estimated actual loss in collectible amount, provided such
higher rates are approved by the Board of Directors and
consistently adopted from year to year. Such additional
provisions are not to be considered as floating provisions.
The additional provisions for NPAs, like the minimum
regulatory provision on NPAs, may be netted off from
gross NPAs to arrive at the net NPAs
23
Gross Advances = Total Performing
Advances + Gross (Total) NPA
Gross NPA - SP for NPAs= Net NPA (NNPA)
Gross Advances - Specific Provision (SP) for
NPAs = Net Advances
Net Advances = Total Performing
Advances+ Gross NPA - Specific Provision
(SP) for NPAs= Total Performing Advances+
Net NPA
The Balance Sheet figures are ( Advances)
are Net Advances......therefore it includes
Total Performing Advances+ NNPAs 24
Inputs
Total Loan..Rs. 10 Lakh
Amount Repaid..Rs. 6 lakh
Realisable value of Security Rs. 1.5 lakh
Govt.Guarnted Portion : 50%
Overdue for 2.6 years
Find Total Specific Provision and NNPA
Soln
Outstanding Balance : Rs. 4 lakh
% of RV of security.1.5/4= 37.5%
HenceD2
Unsecured Portion : Rs.2.5 lakh(4-1.5)
Guaranteed Portion : 50%* 2.5 = 1.25
Net Unsecured : 1.25 ( 2.5 1.25)
Provision for secured Part: 40%*1.50 = 0.60
Provision for unsecured Part: 100%*1.25 = 1.25
Total SP = 1.25 + 0.60 = 1.85
GNPA = 4
NNPA = 4 1.85 = 2.15
...........................Case for the Portfolio
25
Example-2
CGTMSE/CRGFTLIH Cover:
75% of the amount outstanding or 75% of the
unsecured amount or Rs.37.50 lakh, whichever
is the least Period for which the advance has
remained doubtful: More than 2 years remained doubtful
(say as on March 31, 2016)
Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs
26
Provision required to be made:
27
Banks shall make provisions, with effect from the
year ending March 31, 2003, on the net funded
country exposures on a graded scale ranging
from 0.25 to 100 percent according to the risk
categories mentioned below. To begin with,
banks shall make provisions as per the following
schedule:
28
Risk ECGC Provisioni
category Classificat ng
ion Requirem
ent (per
cent)
Insignificant A1 0.5
Low A2 0.5
Moderate B1 5
High B2 20
Very High C1 25
Restricted C2 100 29
Banks are required to make provision
for country risk in respect of a country
where its net funded exposure is one
per cent or more of its total assets.
30
If arrears of interest and principal are paid by
the borrower in the case of loan accounts
classified as NPAs, the account should no
longer be treated as nonperforming and may
be classified as standard accounts
Amount Recovered against written off loans
earlier, will be recognized as revenueadded
to the Profit
Unrealized Interest recognised in the previous
year on advances which have become NPA
during the current year, will be reduced from
profit of this year(Interest Income) 31
Total provisions Held / Gross NPA > 70%
32
Ratio of Incremental NPAs to Opening Gross Advances
Asset Quality
These ratios on Incremental NPAs to Gross Standard
Advances would basically reveal the asset quality of
standard advances of banks. These ratios basically
reveal the deterioration of the advances portfolio
during the year. Higher ratio indicates the
aggressive loan philosophy or poor asset quality
of banksDefault Ratio
33
Gross/ Net NPAs (including NPAs in
Investments) to total Assets
Gross NPAs
Gross Advance
Net NPAs / Net Advances
These ratios reveal the degree of
impairment of assets in the balance sheet
34
Ratio of Net NPAs to Total Equity
Net NPAs
Total Equity
36
Recovery of Debts Due to Banks & Financial
Institutions Act, 1993
37
The objective of the Corporate Debt Restructuring
(CDR) framework is to ensure timely and transparent
mechanism for restructuring the corporate debts of
viable entities facing problems, outside the purview of
BIFR, DRT and other legal proceedings, for the
benefit of all concerned .
38
This mechanism will be available to all borrowers engaged
in any type of activity subject to the following conditions :
39
Reference to Corporate Debt Restructuring
System could be triggered by (i) any or more
of the creditor who have minimum 20% share
in either working capital or term finance, or (ii)
by the concerned corporate, if supported by a
bank or financial institution having stake as in
(i) above.
40
CDR is a non-statutory mechanism which is a
voluntary system based on Debtor- Creditor
Agreement (DCA) and Inter-Creditor Agreement
(ICA). The Debtor-Creditor Agreement (DCA) and
the Inter-Creditor Agreement (ICA) shall provide
the legal basis to the CDR mechanism.
41
The CDR Empowered Group shall decide on the acceptable
viability benchmark levels on the following illustrative parameters,
which may be applied on a case-by-case basis, based on the
merits of each case :
* Return on Capital Employed (ROCE),
* Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR),
* Gap between the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the
Cost of Fund (CoF),
* Extent of sacrifice.
42
Broad benchmarks for the viability parameters :
43
iv. Operating and cash break even points should be worked out
and they should be comparable with the industry norms.
v. Trends of the company based on historical data and future
projections should be comparable with the industry. Thus
behaviour of past and future EBIDTA should be studied and
compared with industry average.
vi. Loan life ratio (LLR), as defined below should be 1.4, which
would give a cushion of 40% to the amount of loan to be
serviced.
44
Joint lender forum
Before a loan account turns into a NPA, banks are
required to identify incipient stress in the account by
creating three subcategories under the Special Mention
Account (SMA) category as given in the table below:
45
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set up
a Central Repository of Information on Large Credits
(CRILC) to collect, store, and disseminate credit data to
lenders. Reporting that banks will be required to report
credit information, including classification of an account as
SMA to CRILC on all their borrowers having aggregate
fund-based and non fund based exposure of Rs.50
million and above with them.
46
Banks are advised that as soon as an account
is reported by any of the lenders to CRILC as
SMA-2, they should mandatorily form a
committee to be called Joint LendersForum
(JLF) if the aggregate exposure (AE) [fund
based and non-fund based taken together]of
lenders in that account is Rs 1000 million and
above. Lenders also have the option of forming
a JLF even when the AE in an account is less
than Rs.1000 million and/or when the
account is reported as SMA-0 or SMA-1.
47
In case of restructured accounts where
the banks are converting at the time of restructuring,
Part of their liabilities to EQUITY of the corporate entity
and offering the management to a new promoter
/ group,SDR is applicable.
48
A restructured account is one where the bank, for
economic or legal reasons relating to the
borrower's financial difficulty, grants to the borrower
concessions that the bank would not otherwise
consider.
49
1. Flexible Structuring of Long Term project Loans
to Infrastructure & Core Industries.- 5/25 SCEME
(DBOD No.BP.BC.24/21.04.132/2014-15 dated July,15,2014).
50
Banks are unable to provide long tenor financing owing to
asset-liability mismatch issues.. After factoring in the initial
construction period and repayment moratorium, the
repayment of the bank loan is compressed to a shorter
period of 10-12 years (with resultant higher loan
instalments), which strains the viability of the project,
51
constrains the ability of promoters to generate
fresh equity out of internal generation for further
investments.
It might also lead to levying higher user
charges in the case of infrastructure projects in
order to ensure that greater cash flows are
generated to service the loans.
As a result of these factors, some of the long
term projects have been experiencing stress in
servicing the project loan.
52
The long tenor loans to infrastructure/core industries projects,
say 25 years, could be structured as under:
54
Only term loans to infrastructure projects, as defined under
the Harmonised Master List of Infrastructure of RBI, and
projects in core industries sector, included in the Index of
Eight Core Industries (base: 2004-05) published by the
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India,
(viz., coal, crude oil, natural gas, petroleum refinery products,
fertilisers, steel (Alloy + Non Alloy), cement and electricity -
some of these sectors such as fertilisers, electricity
generation, distribution and transmission, etc. are also
included in the Harmonised Master List of Infrastructure sub-
sectors) - will qualify for such refinancing;
55
The tenor of the Amortisation Schedule should
not be more than 80% (leaving a tail of 20%)
The bank offering the Initial Debt Facility may
sanction the loan for a medium term, say 5 to 7
years. This is to take care of initial construction
period and also cover the period at least up to the
date of commencement of commercial operations
(DCCO) and revenue ramp up.
56
Banks may determine the pricing of the loans at
each stage of sanction of the Initial Debt Facility
or Refinancing Debt Facility, commensurate with
the risk at each phase of the loan, and such
pricing should not be below the Base Rate of the
bank;
57
This would ensure long term viability of infrastructure/core
industries sector projects by smoothening the cash flow
stress in initial years;
58
Banks could shed or take up exposures at
different stages of the life cycle of such projects
depending on banks single / group borrower or
sectoral exposure limits;
60
JLF/Corporate Debt Restructuring Cell (CDR) may
consider the following options when a loan is
restructured:
Possibility of transferring equity of the company
by promoters to the lenders to compensate for their
sacrifices;
Promoters infusing more equity into their
companies;
Transfer of the promoters holdings to a security
trustee or an escrow arrangement till turnaround of
company. This will enable a change in management
control, should lenders favour it. 61
In many cases of restructuring of accounts, borrower
companies are not able to come out of stress due to
operational/ managerial inefficiencies despite substantial
sacrifices made by the lending banks.
62
With a view to ensuring more stake of promoters in
reviving stressed accounts and provide banks with
enhanced capabilities to initiate change of
ownership in accounts which fail to achieve the
projected viability milestones, banks may, at their
discretion, undertake a Strategic Debt
Restructuring (SDR) by converting loan dues to
equity shares.
63
The decision on invoking the SDR by converting
the whole or part of the loan into equity shares
should be taken by the JLF as early as possible
but within 30 days from the above review of the
account. Such decision should be well
documented and approved by the majority of the
JLF members (minimum of 75% of creditors by
value and 60% of creditors by number);
64
Post the conversion, all lenders under the JLF must
collectively hold 51% or more of the equity shares
issued by the company;
65
1.Conversion of outstanding debt (principal as well
as unpaid interest) into equity instruments should be
at a Fair Value which will not exceed the lowest of
the following, subject to the floor of Face Value
Market value
(reference date prior 10 days AVERAGE trading value)
Book value.
66
The new promoter should not be a
person/entity/subsidiary/associate etc. (domestic as
well as overseas), from the existing
Promoter/promoter group.
67
Eligible Accounts
68
A debt level will be deemed sustainable if the Joint
Lenders Forum (JLF)/Consortium of lenders/bank
conclude through independent techno-economic
viability (TEV) that debt of that principal value amongst
the current funded/non-funded liabilities owed to
institutional lenders can be serviced over the same
tenor as that of the existing facilities even if the future
cash flows remain at their current level. For this
scheme to apply, sustainable debt should not be less
than 50 percent of current funded liabilities.
69
With the present cash-flow scenario , Banks to decide
The component of sustainable debt-A and convert
Unsustainable debt B either to equity or
equity equivalents securities.
70
Unlike CDR, S4S does not allow the banks to offer
any moratorium on debt repayment;
73
a) An Overseeing Committee (OC), comprising of
eminent persons, will be constituted by IBA in
consultation with RBI. The members of OC cannot
be changed without the prior approval of RBI.
b) The resolution plan shall be submitted by the
JLF/consortium/bank to the OC.
c) The OC will review the processes involved in
preparation of resolution plan, etc. for
reasonableness and adherence to the provisions
of these guidelines, and opine on it.
d) The OC will be an advisory body.
74
Asset classification as on the date of lenders
decision to resolve the account under these
guidelines (reference date) will continue for a
period of 90 days from this date. This standstill
clause is permitted to enable JLF/consortium/bank
to formulate the resolution plan and implement the
same within the said 90 day period.
75
The resolution plan and control rights should be
structured in such a way so that the promoters
are not in a position to sell the company/firm
without the prior approval of lenders and without
sharing the upside, if any, with the lenders
towards loss in Part B. First Right of Refusal by
Lenders.
76
The IBA will collect a fee from the lenders as a
prescribed percentage of the outstanding debt of
the borrowal entity to the
consortium/JLF/consortium/bank and create a
corpus fund. This fund will be used to meet the
expenses of the OC.
77
Once the resolution plan prepared/presented by the
lenders is ratified by the OC, it will be binding on all
lenders. They will, however, have the option to exit as
per the extant guidelines on Joint Lenders Forum
(JLF) and Corrective Action Plan (CAP).
78
Finally, the banks will have to set aside money
for 20% of the total outstanding debt or 40% of
the debt that is seen as unsustainable.
79
thanks
80