Project Quality Management

Project Quality Management

Processes required to ensure that the project
will satisfy the needs for which it was designed
Includes all activities of the overall
management function that determine the
quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities.
These are implemented by quality planning,
quality assurance, quality control, and quality
improvement
Modern quality management complements project management. Both
disciplines recognize the importance of:

Customer satisfaction. Understanding, evaluating, defining, and managing

expectations so that customer requirements are met. This requires a
combination of conformance to requirements (the project must produce
what it said it would produce) and fitness for use (the product or service
must satisfy real needs).

Prevention over inspection. The cost of preventing mistakes is generally

much less than the cost of correcting them, as revealed by inspection.

Management responsibility. Success requires the participation of all

members of the team, but it remains the responsibility of management to
provide the resources needed to succeed.

Continuous improvement. The plan-do-check-act cycle is the basis for

quality improvement
 Project Quality Management
3 major processes:
Quality Planning identifying quality standards that are
relevant to the project (Plan); Project Manager, Project
Owner
Quality Assurance evaluating overall project
performance to provide confidence that project will
satisfy relevant quality standards (Implement or
Execution); Project Team
Quality Control monitoring specific results to comply
with quality standards and eliminating unsatisfactory
performance causes (Check or Control); Project
Manager, Project Team
Compatible with ISO 9000 and 10000 series
Total Quality Management
 Quality & Grade
Quality and Grade are not the same;
Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the same
functional use but different technical characteristics;
Low quality is always a problem; low grade may not be
A product may be high quality (no obvious defects) but low grade
(limited number of features).
For example, a software product can be of high quality (no obvious defects,
readable manual) and low grade (a limited number of features), or of low
quality (many defects, poorly organized user documentation) and high
grade (numerous features);
The project manager and the project management team are responsible for
determining and delivering the required levels of both quality and grade
 Precision and Accuracy
Precision and Accuracy are not the same;
Precision is consistency that the value of repeated
measurements are clustered and have little scatter;
Accuracy is correctness that the measured value is very close
to the true value.
Precise measurements are not necessarily accurate. A very
accurate measurement is not necessarily precise.
The project management team must determine how much
accuracy or precision or both are required.
 Quality Planning
Quality Planning
Identify quality standards are relevant and how to satisfy
Inputs to Quality Planning
Quality Policy the overall intentions and direction of an
organization with regard to quality as expressed by
management
Scope Statement
Product Description
Standards and Regulations
Other Process Outputs processes from other
knowledge areas (procurement planning)
 Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning
Benefit/Cost Analysis
Quality planning must consider cost-benefits tradeoffs;
The primary benefit of meeting quality requirements is less rework;
The primary cost of meeting quality requirements is the expense
associated with Project Quality Management activities
Benchmarking
Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project
practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for
improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure
performance
Flowcharting
Cause and effect diagramming; illustrate how causes relate to
potential problems or effects;
System or Process flowcharts show how various elements of
the system interrelate;
Helps anticipation of what and where quality problems may
occur.

Design of Experiments analytical technique which defines what

variables have most influence on the overall outcome;
The use of experimentation to statistically determine what
variables will improve quality;
For example, people may try to improve quality by analyzing the
effect on overall quality of using different processes for software
development and leaving all other aspects the same;
or changing the type of wood used on a desk but leaving all
other variables the same;
DOE is a statistical method that allows you to systematically
change all of the important factors in a process and see which
combination has a lower impact on the project rather than the
slower, less accurate way of changing them one at a time.
 Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning
Pareto Law 80/20 Rule
Pareto Analysis: Pareto diagram help
project team to identify the vital few factors
that account for the most quality problem
from more numerous insignificant many
factors.
 Tools &Techniques for Quality Planning
Cost of Quality(COQ)
Prevention cost
Appraisal cost
Failure cost
 Outputs from Quality Planning
Quality Management Plan describes how team will
implement its quality policy; describes the project
quality system organizational structures,
responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources
needed to implement quality management
Operational Definitions defines how an item is
measured by the quality control process. Also known
as Quality Metrics.
Checklists structured tool used to verify that a set of
required steps has been performed
Inputs to other processes may identify a need for
further activity in another area
 Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance (QA) is the application of planned,
systematic quality activities to ensure that the project will
employ all processes needed to meet requirements;
A quality assurance department, or similar organization, often
oversees quality assurance activities.
Inputs to Quality Assurance
Quality Management Plan
Results of quality control measurements (testing)
Operational definitions
Tools & Techniques for Quality Assurance
Quality Audits: A structured review of
projects quality management activities for
the purpose of improving performance on
this and other projects.
May be random or scheduled
May be performed internally or externally
Tools & Techniques for Quality Assurance
Process Analysis: This analysis consider
problems and constraints experienced.
QA tools and Techniques: Cause effect
diagram, control charts, Pareto diagram,
statistical sampling, inspection and defect
repair review.
 Outputs from Quality Assurance
Quality improvements taking action to
increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the
project to provide added benefits to the
stakeholders
Most likely will involve change control
Request changes
Recommended corrective action
Project Quality Management Plan
(update)
 Tools & Techniques for Quality Control
Tools & Techniques for Quality Control
Inspection activities such as testing to determine if results
comply with requirements
Control Charts plot results over time
Pareto diagrams frequency of occurrence that identifies type or
category of result (80/20 rule) guides corrective action
Statistical sampling select population of interest for inspection
Flowcharting
Trend Analysis forecast future outcomes based on historical
results
Technical performance (# of errors identified; # of errors that remain)
Cost and Schedule performance (activities per period with significant
variances)
 Cause and Effect Diagram
Control Chart
Flowcharts
Pareto Diagram
 Outputs from Quality Control
Quality Improvement
Acceptance Decisions (accept/reject)
Rework action to bring defective item into
compliance
Frequent cause of project overruns
Completed checklists
Process Adjustments immediate
corrective/preventive actions
Most likely involves change control