HYPERSONIC PLANES

WITH AIR BREATHING

ENGINE

PRESENTED
BY:
SANOOJ
SIDDIKH
S7MECHANICAL
KERALA
ROLL NO:
UNIVERSITY
10433039 1
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED TO TRAVEL AT HYPERSONIC SPEED
BASIC TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
HISTORY
BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR HYPERPLANE
WORKING OF SCRAMJET ENGINE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCRAMJET & JET ENGINES
ADAVNTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE(SCRAMJET)
WORKING OF HYPERPLANE
X-43A HYPERPLANE
X-43 LAUNCHING
FUTURE SCRAMJET ENGINE
AVATAR HYPERPLANE
HYPERPLANE FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

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 INTRODUCTION
Hyperplanes are multipurpose, fully reusable
aerospace vehicles.
Hydrogen-fuelled, horizontal take off, Doesn't
need on board oxygen.
They use air-breathing engines and can take-
off from any conventional airport.
Multipurpose vehicles- passenger, freight
,satellite launching.
Use scramjet engines air breathing technology.
Nation working for this technology:-
USA(X-43A),INDIA(AVATAR),RUSSIA(XB-70)

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H Y P E R P L A N E X- 4 3 A

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2.THE NEED TO TRAVEL AT HYPERSONIC SPEEDS
Speeds greater than Mach 5 are called hypersonic.
A regular passenger plane - 0.8 Mach, military jets 2.0
Mach
According to NASA it is "one of the greatest aeronautical
research challenges.
Thus the hyperplanes require normal jet engines for
horizontal take off, a rocket to boost the velocity to
supersonic and a scramjet to sustain the hypersonic
speed.
Faster intercontinental travel
Allow seamless entry to space and park at space station.
Defence field: Invisible spy planes and strategic bombers.
reusable satellite & missile launchers.
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3. BASIC TECHNICAL
CHALLENGES

To develop a non rocket engine which can attain

hypersonic speeds.
So scramjets with air breathing engine's are used.

Development of advanced materials like titanium, its

alloys and other composite materials.

The development of new cryogenic fuels and the modern

methods of handling them is a major challenge.

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 4. HISTORY
The rocket powered Bell X1 flown in 1947 by
Chuck Yeager(Mach ).

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 In 1960s during cold war America developed XB-
7O Valkyrie (Mach 3.08) to be used instead of
ICBMs.

During cold war time Soviets developed a plane Su

T4
With Mach 1.28.
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 The North American X-15 rocket-powered
experimental aircraft in 1960 with Mach 6.7 by
NASA.

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5 . B A S I C R E Q U I R EM E N T S F O R A
HYPERPLANE
JET ENGINES
For horizontal take off, power the air craft to height
required for the working of ramjet engines.
Used Since a scramjet engine cannot be started
from zero velocity.
BOOSTER ROCKET ENGINE
All space vehicle, rely on a rocket that is integrated
with scramjet combustor.
Ramjet operation is followed by scramjet propulsion
to at least Mach 10 or 12. Above Mach 18, the rocket
by itself propels the vehicle into orbit and enables it
to maneuver in space.
Runs at speed of supersonic range.
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 SCRAMJET AIR BREATHING
ENGINE
Variation of a ramjet with supersonic combustion.
Top speed of a scramjet engine(without additional
oxidizer input)vary between Mach 12 and Mach
24(orbital velocity).
main difference from a rocket ,it collects O2 from
the air to burn its fuel.

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6.WORKING OF A SCRAMJET ENGINE

An object moving at high speed through air

generates a high pressure region in front and a low
pressure region to the rear.
Uses this high pressure, forceful compression and
decelerate the incoming air before combustion.
Air is heated by combusting with fuel.
Through diverging nozzle , the heated air is
accelerated to producethrust.
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 Unlike a typical jet engine, liketurbojet
orturbofan engine, scramjet does not use
rotating, fan-like components to compress the air.
It have higher efficiency due to less weight.

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6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SCRAMJET AND JET ENGINES

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7 . A D VA N TA G E S A N D
D I S A D VA N TA G E S O F S C R A M J E T
ENGINES
ADVANTAGES
scramjet does not contain any moving parts like
compressor blades, turbine blades etc,so weightless.
No compression to subsonic velocities as compared to
jets.
Due to less moving parts & it consist only a
constricted tube,So mechanical failures due to moving
parts are avoided.
No need for carrying oxidizer.
Operational cost is less than space shuttles.
Active cooling.
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DISADVANTAGES
A scramjet cannot produce efficient thrust unless
boosted to high speed(Mach 5).

Testing scramjet designs use extremely expensive

hypersonic test chambers or expensive launch
vehicles.

Lack of stealth.

High maintenance cost.

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8.THE WORKING OF A
HYPERPLANE
The aircraft is first propelled by rocket engines/another
planes to the required height.

Because neither scramjets nor

ramjets can operate efficiently when
they are traveling below Mach 2 or 3.

Rocket provide thrust from takeoff

through subsonic, low-supersonic and then ramjet
speeds.

X-43A's scramjet,ramjet scoops air from the

atmosphere, making the aircraft lighter.
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 Ramjet operation is then followed by scramjet
propulsion to at least Mach 10 or 12.

Above Mach 18, the rocket by itself propels the

vehicle into orbit.

The landing procedures begin by the switching off

of the scramjet engines.

Then the horizontal flight is done using normal jet

engines and lands like a normal aircraft.

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9.X-43A HYPERPLANE

It is a rocket propelled; air-breathing engine vehicle to

fly at hypersonic speeds.
Take O2 from atmosphere for
ramjet&scramjetfunctioning.
The hydrogen-fuelled aircraft has a wingspan-5 feet,12
feet long and weighs about 2,800 pounds.
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 first unpiloted X-43A and its Pegasus booster
rocket will be air-launched from a B-52.

The booster will accelerate the X-43A to Mach 7 at

approximately 95,000 feet.

At booster burnout, the X-43 separate from the

booster and fly under its own power on a pre-
programmed flight path.

Finally it followed Mach 10 by scramjet thrust.

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HYPERPLANE X- 4 3 A L AU N C H I N G

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10. X-43A MISSION PROFILE

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11. FUTURE OF SCRAMJET ENGINES,
NASP

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12. AVATAR HYPERPLANE

AVATAR (Aerobic Vehicle for hypersonic Aerospace

Transportation).
conceptual single-stage reusable planes with horizontal
launch.
For cheaper military&civilian satellite launches.
To deliver a payload up 1000kg to low earth orbit in cheap
rate.
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 1 3 . H Y P E R P L A N E F O R F U T U R E S PA C E M I S S I O N S
X-43A,X-43 B,X43 D, BOEING X-51A by NASA.
AVATAR hyperplane by ISRO & DRDO(INDIA).
BLACKSWIFT- A joint project between
the Defence Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) and
the United States Air Force (USAF).

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14.CONCLUSION
After successful X-43A flight test, confidence in the
viability of the hydrogen- and hydrocarbon-fueled
scramjet engines increased.
NASA plans to launch another hypersonic vehicle
this fall with the goal of flying the aircraft at 15
times the speed of sound, or 6750 mph.
Demonstrating these technologies, along with
additional ground- and flight-test experiments, will
pave the way for affordable and reusable air
breathing hypersonic propulsion systems such as
missiles, long range aircraft and space-access
vehicles around 2010, 2015, 2025, respectively by
all nations.
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 REFERENCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_X-43.

http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov.com

http://www.strategycenter.net

http://www.howstuffworks.com/air-breathing-
rocket2.htm
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactS
heets/FS-040-DFRC.html
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