PRESENTATION

ON
ELECTRO CARDIOGRAPH(ECG)

PRESENTED BY :

DILLIP KUMAR BISWAL

ECE Department
KMBB
 *
Conten
ts
*Introduction to ECG.
* Generation of Electrical potential of cardiac cell
*Electro conduction system of heart
*Generation of pqrs complex
*Problems occurring in heart
*Heart and pace maker
*Comparison between stethoscope and ECG
*SAFETY ISSUE
*Future directions and new challenges
*Conclusion
*The recording of electrical activity associated
with functioning of heart is known as
electrocardiogram.
*ECG is a quasi periodical ,rhythmically repeating
signal synchronized by the function of heart,
which is act as a generator of bioelectric signal.
*The waveform recorded have been standardized
in terms of amplitude and phase relationship
and any deviation from this would effect the
presence of abnormalities.

*Introduction to ECG
 * Origin of Bio-Electric Signals: Electrical Activity of Cells

As a result, the concentration of the sodium ion

becomes more on the outside of the cell membrane
than on the inside.

Since, sodium is a positive ion, in its resting

state, a cell has a negative charge along the inner
surface of its membrane and a positive charge
along the outer portion.
+- 90 mV-

V
+

-
+
 * Origin of Bio-Electric Signals: Electrical Activity of Cells

Surrounding the cells of our body there are body

fluids, which are ionic and which provide a
conducting medium for electric potentials.

The principal ions involved with the phenomena of

producing cell potentials are (Na+), potassium (K+)
and chloride (Cl).

The membrane of excitable cells readily permits

the entry of K+ and Cl but does not permit the
flow of Na+.
Na+ K+
K +
K+
Na+ Na+ Na+ K+
Na+ K+ Na+ K+
K+ Na+ Na+
Na+ K+ Na+ Na+

Na+
K+
 Electro-conduction System of the Heart

That can be detected by

placing electrodes on a
patient's chest.
This electrical signal can
be mechanically plotted
and the resultant plot is
called an
electrocardiogram.
The letters on the ECG
represent different
functions that occur in the
heart.
The P-wave indicates atrial
contraction. Ventricular
contraction is represented
by the QRS complex, and
the T-wave indicates
*Generation of PQRS COMPLEX
* Heart attack
* Chest pain
* Arrhythmias
* 1. Tachycardia
* 2.Bradycardia
* Tachycardia is a problem in which the heart beats at a
rate faster than the normal human heart rate.

*Problems occurring in
* Bradycardia is a problem in which the heart beats at a
rate slower than the normal human heart rate

heart
 * How do pacemakers work?
How it works.
The pacemaker leads detect the hearts own electrical activity (in the right
atrium and right ventricle,) and transmit that information to the pacemaker
generator.
The generator which, again, is a computer analyzes the hearts electrical
signals, and uses that information to decide whether, when, and where to
pace.
* HEART AND PACEMAKER
* Lead placement
* Damage to heart wall
* Damage to lead
* Battery life span
* Infection
* Pain
* Misconnection
* Placement of sensors

*Safety issues
* Computer and software program
* Price vs. health insurance reimbursements
* New product design
* Specialized and costom made devices

*Future directions &

new challenges