Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by:
Jeewan 13102001
Vidhun 13102019
Submitted to: Prof. Sovina Jewel 13102057
Sood Ashish 13102068
Amish 13102069
Paurush 13102073
Visual Aids
Land marks which are required so as to provide an aid to the pilots
Ensures the smooth operating of the air craft
Required both in good weather and bad weather as well as during day and
night
The runways of the conventional aircraft appears as long and narrow strip
with straight sides and free of obstacle
Marked in such a way they can be easily distinguishable from other areas
The perspective view of the runways along with the landmarks like
horizon, runway edges, runway threshold and centreline of the runway are
the most important elements for pilot to see.
Centre line for aligning aircraft, horizon for flying, maintaining specific
height from different elements like approach zone and similarly other
things are needed to be identified
Hence, to enhance visual information land marks are painted in standard
formats using colour or by using lights
Visual Aids Importance and Uses
Runway Marking
Taxiway marking
Runway and taxiway shoulder
marking
Apron Marking
Wind direction indicator
Landing direction indicator
Marking Colours
While 3 parallel runways will be labelled with all 3 designators, just 2 parallel
runways will omit the "centre" and become just "left" and "right(As shown in fig.)
Thin white stripes identifying the touchdown zone for landing operations
and are spaced in 150m increments
3, 2 and then 1 thin stripe symmetrical bars arranged in pairs on each side
of runway centreline.
Runway Edge Strip Marking
Markings are in the form of yellow stripes , 90cm wide and 30m apart (15m at
turnings)
The markings extend up to a maximum 1.5m from the outer edge of shoulders
Runway shoulders are marked with diagonal lines with 45 degrees angle.
Runway Threshold Markings
For each runway available for air carrier use, a supplemental wind cone must be
installed:
At least at one point visible to the pilot on final approach and prior to takeoff
Wind direction is measured in degrees clockwise from due north and so a wind
coming from the north has a wind direction of 180 degrees; one from the east is
270 degrees.
when air moves with the speed of at least 6 km/hour, the revolving system situated at
the top part of the pole on bearing will turn in direction of this movement
The larger opening of a windsock faces the direction that the wind is blowing from; its
tail, with the smaller opening, points in the direction the wind is blowing
It should be placed away from buildings so that it is not effected by eddies.
It should be visible from a height of 30m
TYPES OF WIND
INDICATORS
Wind sock
WIND SOCK OPERATION
SPECIFICATIONS:
White, yellow, or orange to contrast with surrounding
May Consist of :
Segmented circle
ICAO: The location of at least one wind direction indicator should be marked by
a circular band 15 m in diameter and 1.2 m wide. The band should be centered
about the wind direction indicator support and should be in a color chosen to give
adequate conspicuity, preferably white.