BEARINGS

AASTU
 INTRODUCTION
Bearing
A machine element which supports
another moving machine element and
guide its motion.
Generally used to support a shaft.
The portion of the shaft in contact with
the bearing is called journal.
Used in engines, machine tools,
automobiles, railway coaches, power
plants, workshops, etc.
 FUNCTION OF A BEARING
The main function of a rotating shaft is to
transmit power from one end of the line to
the other.
It needs a good support to ensure
stability and frictionless rotation. The
support for the shaft is known as
bearing.
The shaft has a running fit in a bearing. All
bearing are provided some lubrication
 Bearings are classified under
two main categories:
Plain or sliding bearing : -
In which the rotating shaft has a
sliding contact with the bearing
which is held stationary . Due to
large contact area friction
between mating parts is high
requiring greater lubrication.

Rolling or anti-friction bearing : -

Due to less contact area rolling
friction is much lesser than the
sliding friction , hence these
bearings are also known as
antifriction bearing.
 COMPARISON OF ROLLING AND SLIDING BEARINGS
Some advantages of rolling-element
bearings over the sliding or journal
bearings are as follows:
1. Low starting and good
operating friction.
2. Ease of lubrication.
3. Requiring less axial space.
4. Generally, taking both radial
and axial loads.
5. Warning of impending failure
by increasing noise
6. Good low-temperature starting.
The disadvantages of rolling-element
bearings compared to sliding bearings
include
1.Greater space in radial
direction.
2. More severe alignment
requirements,
3. Higher initial cost.
4. Noisier normal operation.
5. Finite life due to eventual
failure by fatigue.
6. Ease of damage by foreign
matter.
7. Poor damping ability.
 Plain or sliding Contact
bearing
1. The design of the bearing and housing is
simple.
2. They occupy less radial space and are more
compact.
3. They cost less.
4. The design of shaft is simple.
5. They operate more silently.
6. They have good shock load capacity.
7. They are ideally suited for medium and high
speed operation.
 The disadvantages are:
1. The frictional power loss is more.
2. They require good attention to
lubrication.
3. They are normally designed to carry
radial load or axial load only.
Important Parts of
Rolling Bearing
 The ball and roller bearing
consists of following parts:
Inner ring or race: fits on
the shaft.
Outer ring or race: fits
inside the housing.
Ball and roller arranged
between the surfaces of two
races. These provide rolling
action between the races.
the radius of the track for balls is
slightly greater 5 to 10 % than
that of the ball themselves.
Cage: separates the balls or
rollers from one another.

The role of the separator is to maintain an equal distance between the rolling elements.
The races are the outer ring or the inner ring of a bearing.
The raceway is the path of the rolling element on either ring or the bearing.
 Types of rolling bearing
Rolling bearings can be classified using the
following criteria:
The rolling element
shape: ball bearings
[(a)-(f)], roller bearings
[cylinder: (g) and (h),
cone: (i), barrel:(j)], and
needle bearings [ (k)];
The direction of the
principal force: radial
bearings [ (a)(b)(g)(h)],
thrust bearings [ (d)(e)],
radial-thrust bearings
[ (c)(i)], or thrust-radial
bearings [ (f)];
The number of rolling
bearing rows: rolling
bearings with one row
[(a)(d)(g)(k)], with two
rows [(b)(e)(h)].
 Radial bearing:
is designed to support a force perpendicular to the shaft axis.
Thrust ball bearing:
It can take only thrust loads.
Thrust ball bearing are used for heavy axial loads and low speeds.
Single row rolling bearings:
take radial forces and some thrust forces.
Angular contact bearings:
provide a greater thrust capacity.
Double row bearings:
are made to carry heavier radial and thrust forces.
Single row bearings:
withstand a small misalignment or deflection of the shaft
Self-aligning bearings:
for severe misalignments and deflections of the shaft [Fig.(f)] are
used
 Roller bearing:
Roller bearing have a greater load-carrying capacity than ball bearing of
equivalent size as they make line contact rather than point contact with
their rings.
Not suitable for axial loading, cheaper to manufacture, used for
heavy and sudden loading, high speed and continuous service.
Tapered (cone) roller bearings(TRB):
combine the advantages of ball and cylinder roller bearings,
because they can take either radial or thrust forces, and they have
high force capacity
used for gear boxes for heavy trucks, bevel-gear transmission,
lathe spindles, etc.
Needle bearings:
It use small diameter of rollers. They are used for radial load at
slow speed and oscillating motion.
They have the advantage of light weight and occupy small space.
They are used in aircraft industry, live tail stock centers, bench-
drill spindles, etc.
 Ball and roller bearings
due to low rolling friction these bearings are aptly called
.
antifriction bearing
Frictional resistance considerably less than in plain
bearings

Rotating non-rotating pairs separated by balls or rollers

Ball or rollers has rolling contact and sliding friction is

eliminated and replaced by much lower rolling friction.

In plain bearing the starting resistance is much larger

than the running resistance due to absence of oil film.

In ball and rolling bearings the initial resistance to

motion is only slightly more than their resistance to
continuous running.

Ball Bearing Geometry

the pitch
diameter of a ball
bearing is given
by: or

where

do = the outer diameter of the

ball bearing
d = the bore
Di and De = the race diameters
of the inner ring and outer ring
rsp. clearance measured in
The
the radial plane is the
diametral clearance, Sd

D = the ball diameter

 Bearing Selection

Bearing manufacturers' catalogues identify bearings by :

- number, give complete dimensional information,
list rated load capacities, and furnish details concerning
mounting, lubrication, and operation.
The size of bearing ~ the size of shaft required (for
strength and rigidity considerations)
~ the available space.
bearing must have a high load rating to provide a good
combination of life and reliability.
 Bearing Life of an individual ball or
roller bearing is the number of
revolutions (or hours at some
constant speed) that the
bearings run before the first
evidence of fatigue develops in
the material of either the rings
or of any
failure of vary
criteria the from
rolling elements.
vendor to vendor
ABMA standard states that the failure
criterion is the first evidence of fatigue
Timken criterionspalling or pitting of an
area of 0.01 in2
Rating life/L10 life/B10 life/ minimum life:
The number of revolutions, or hours at some
given constant speed and force , that 90% of a
group of bearings will complete or exceed
before failure.
For ball bearings and spherical
L10 = 500 (hours) x 33.33 (rpm) x 60 =
bearings:
106 = 1 million revolutions
For tapered bearings manufactured by
Timken:
L 10 = 3000 (hours) x 500 (rpm) x 60 = 90 x 10 = 90
6

million revolutions
Median life / average life
the 50th percentile life of a group of
bearings
When many groups of bearings are tested,
 Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability

Palmgren determined that

ball bearing life varies At reliability =
inversely with 0.90
approximately the third
power of the force.
a = 3 for ball bearings
a = 10/3 for roller bearings
(cylindrical and tapered roller)

Where FR=C10 = catalog

load rating
Further, we can write
 Example
Select a deep groove ball bearing for
a desired life of 5000 hours at 1725
rpm with 90% reliability. The bearing
radial load is 400 lb
 Example
Select a deep groove ball bearing for a desired life of
5000 hours at 1725 rpm with 90% reliability. The
bearing radial load is 400 lb.

Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept. 23

General pattern of bearing fatigue-life
distribution
 Bearing Survival: Reliability
versus Life
Candidates for a distributional curve fit for skewed data
include lognormal and Weibull.

If the life measure is

expressed in dimensionless
form as x = L/L10, then the
reliability can be expressed
as: where
R = reliability
x = life measure dimensionless variate,
L/L10
x0 = guaranteed, or minimum, value of
the variate
= characteristic parameter
corresponding to the 63.2121 percentile
 The cumulative distribution
function is :

Constant reliability
contours:
Point A represents
the catalog rating C10
at x = L/L10 = 1.
Point B is on the
target reliability
design line RD , with a
load of C10.
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability

The desired load the manufacturers test load Or

catalog entry.
The desired speed the vendors test speed, and
The
The reliability
designer expectation
must move from > 0.90
point D
to point A via point B as follows.
Along a constant reliability
contour (BD):

ong a constant load line (AB):

 To minimize error, note
that:

Where pf = the probability of failure

Loads are often non steady, so that the desired

load is multiplied by an application factor af . The
steady load afFD does the same damage as the
 Example
Select a deep groove ball bearing for a desired
life of 5000 hours at 1725 rpm with 99%
reliability. The bearing radial load is 400 lb.
For 90%
reliability
C10 = 14.3 30 mm Bore deep groove
kN99% reliability, bearing
Use R = .99

= 29.7
5kN

Select a 40mm
bearing instead of
30 mm for 90%
reliability
Lnew D = LD / .22
= 5000 / .22 = hours
22,770
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept.
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading
Let
Fa = the axial thrust loads
Fr = radial loads
Fe = the equivalent radial load that does the
same damage as the combined radial and
thrust loads together.
A rotation
factor V

Two dimensionless groups can now be

formed:
Fe/V Fr and
Fa/V Fr
where

i = 1 when Fa/V Fr
e
i = 2 when Fa/V Fr
>e
The X and Y factors in above equations,
depend upon the geometry of the bearing,
including the number of balls and the ball
diameter
 The Basic ABMA Plan
The bearings are identified by a two-digit number
called the dimension-series code. The first number in
the code is from the width series, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
6. The second number is from the diameter series

Apply to:
- ball bearings,
- straight roller bearings
- spherical roller bearings
-but not to tapered roller
 Design Life Suggestions and Load Factor

Multiply design
load by load
factor.
The static load rating is given in bearing catalog which
comes from the equations:
M takes on the values of which the
following table is representative:
 Variable Loading
Bearing loads can be :
Piecewise constant loading in a cyclic pattern
Continuously variable loading in a repeatable cyclic
pattern
Random variation
Remember

Note that F may already be

an equivalent steady radial
load for a radialthrust load
combination.
If a load level of F is selected
1
and run to the failure criterion,
then the area under
the F1-L1 = K = the area under
the F2-L2
The linear damage
theory says that in the
case of load level F1, the
area from L = 0 to L = L A
The damage done by loads
Fe1, Fe2, and Fe3 is:

where fi is the fraction of revolution run up under

load Fei .
 Since li = ni ti , where ni is the rotational speed at
load Fei and ti is the duration of that speed, then it
follows that:

The character of the individual loads

can change, so an application
factor (af ) can be
prefixed to each Fei as (af i Fei ) ;
Sometimes the question after several levels of loading is:
How much life is left if the next level of stress is held
until failure?
Failure occurs under the linear damage hypothesis when
the damage D = K = FaL

Palmgren in 1924, and Miner in

1945
 continuous, periodic load variation
The differential damage done by F a during rotation through the
angle d is:

dD = Fad

is often 2, although other values occur

 The purposes of an antifriction-bearing
lubricant may be summarized as follows:
1 .To provide a film of lubricant between the sliding
and rolling surfaces
2. To help distribute and dissipate heat
3. To prevent corrosion of the bearing surfaces
4. To protect the parts from the entrance of foreign
matter

Either oil or
grease may be
employed as a
lubricant. The
following rules
may
help in
deciding
between them.
 Preloading:
The object of preloading is to
remove the internal clearance
usually found in bearings, to
increase the fatigue life, and to
decrease the shaft slope at the
bearing.

Bearing Type Allowable

Alignment misalignment(
rad)
cylindrical and tapered roller 0.001
bearings
spherical ball bearings 0.0087
deep-groove ball bearings 0.0035 to
if there is any misalignment at all, it is good
0.0047
practice to provide a safety factor of around
2 to account for possible increases during
 #1. The figure shown is a geared countershaft with an
overhanging pinion at C. Select an angular contact ball bearing
from Table 112 for mounting at O and a straight roller bearing
from Table 113 for mounting at B. The force on gear A is FA =
600 lbf, and the shaft is to run at a speed of 420 rev/min.
Solution of the statics problem gives force of bearings against
the shaft
at O as RO = 387j + 467k lbf, and
at B as RB = 316j 1615k lbf
Specify the bearings required, using an application factor of 1.2,
n Data: FA = 600 lbf,
a desired life of 40 kh, and a combined reliability goal of 0.95.
t speed = 420 rev/min,
387j + 467k lbf, RB = 316j 1615k lbf,
application factor af = 1.2,
40 kh, and a combined reliability R = 0.95
Required:
elect an angular contact ball bearing from
able 112 for mounting at O and
traight roller bearing from Table 113
or mounting at B
Dimensions in inches.
the design life
xD = LD/L10 = LDND60/
L10ND60
at the design load FD

The Weibull parameters are

usually provided in the
manufacturers catalog
 At O:

le: select 55mm bore, 100mm OD, 21mm width..............load ratin

At B:

From table: select 55mm bore, 100mm OD, 21mm width..............load

rating 102 kN. For 03-series or
 #2. Estimate the remaining life in revolutions of an 02-30 mm
angular-contact ball bearing already subjected to 200 000
revolutions with a radial load of 18 kN, if it is now to be
subjected to a change in load to 30 kN.
en Data: an 02-30 mm angular-contact ball bearing
= 200 000 revolutions with a radial load Fr1 = 18 kN,

uired: l2 =? if it is to be subjected to Fr2 = 30 kN

Solution: Failure occurs under the linear damage hypothesis when

the damage D = K = FaL

For a ball bearing, a = 3 and for an 02-30 mm angular contact

bearing,
C10 = 20.3 kN.

t a load of 18 kN, life L1 is given by:

or a load of 30 kN, life L2 is:

As per the Palmgren-Miner cycle-ratio

summation rule:
 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
The four
components of
a tapered roller
bearing
assembly are the:
Cone (inner ring)
Cup (outer ring)
Tapered rollers
Cage (spacer-
The assembled bearing
retainer)
consists of two separable
parts:
(1) the cone assembly:
the cone, the rollers, and
the cage; and
(2) the cup
 A tapered roller bearing can carry both radial and
thrust (axial) loads, or any combination of the two.

However, even when an external thrust load is not

present, the radial load will induce a thrust reaction
within the bearing because of the taper.

To avoid the separation of the races and the rollers,

this thrust must be resisted by an equal and opposite
force. One way of generating this force is to always use
at least two tapered roller bearings on a shaft.

Two bearings can be mounted with the cone backs

facing each other, in a configuration called direct
mounting, or with the cone fronts facing each other, in
what is called indirect mounting.
For the shaft as a
beam:
the span, ae, the effective spread.
It is through points A0 and B0 that the radial loads act perpendicular
to the shaft axis, and the thrust loads act along the shaft axis.
The geometric spread, ag, for the direct mounting is greater than
for the indirect mounting.

With indirect mounting the

bearings
are closer together compared to
the
direct mounting; however, the
system
stability is the same (ae is the
same
in both cases).
In addition to the usual ratings and geometry information,
catalog data for tapered roller bearings will include the location
of the effective force center
 A radial load on a tapered roller bearing will induce a
thrust reaction. The load zone includes about half the
rollers and subtends an angle of approximately 180.
Timken provides equation for the induced thrust load,
Fi, from a radial load with a 180 load zone as,

re the K factor is geometry-specific

K = Fr/Fa
The K factor can be first approximated with 1.5 for a
radial bearing and 0.75 for a steep angle bearing in
the preliminary selection process
After a possible bearing is identified, the exact value of K
for each bearing can be found in the bearing catalog
Since the bearings experience both radial and thrust loads,
it is necessary to determine equivalent radial loads.

Timken recommends:
X = 0.4 and V = 1 for all
cases,
and using the K factor = Y

The axial load Fa = Which one of the bearings will

Fi + Fae carry the net axial load?
Determine visually which bearing is being squeezed by the
external thrust
load, and label it as bearing A. Label the other bearing as
bearing B.

If the equivalent radial

load
is ever less than the
original radial load,
then the original radial
load should be used.
 Once the equivalent radial loads are determined, they should
be used to find the catalog rating load using any of the
following equations as before.

Timken uses a two-parameter Weibull model with x0 = 0,=

4.48, b = 3/2

since KA and KB are dependent on the specific bearing

chosen, it may be necessary to iterate the process it may be
necessary to iterate
the process.
Bearing
Reliability: