Water

Life has been evolved in water

Water is a polar molecule, forming H-bonds

between themselves (thus making water a
highly cohesive liquid) or with other molecules.
Water greatly weakens electrostatic forces and
hydrogen bonding between polar molecules, thus
being an excellent solvent for polar molecules.
Hydrophobic groups are pushed away and
together interactions by water
hydrophobic (driving proteins to fold and lipid
bilayers to form).

Life undoubtedly could not have arisen in the absence of water!

 Each water can
Form H-bond
with 4 other
water molecules.

Thermal properties of water: high boiling

point, high melting point, high heat of
vaporization and high heat capacity (thus a
good thermal buffer for the living organisms).
Perhaps the most essential property of water
is that it is a liquid at room temperature.
Melting point Boiling point
H2O: 0 oC 100 oC
H2S: -85.5oC -60.7oC
 Amphipathic molecules tend to
spontaneously rearrange
themselves in water.

Hydrophobic
interaction is a
passive interaction
between
hydrophobic
molecules due to the
hydrogen bonding
between water
molecules.

Important for the

formation of
 Water is central to biochemistry
Nearly all biomolecules assume their shapes
(and therefore their functions) in response to
the physical and chemical properties of the
surrounding water.
Water is the medium for the majority of
biochemical reactions.
Water actively participate in many chemical
reactions supporting life.
Oxidation of water (producing O2) is
fundamental to photosynthesis.
 Body Fluids and
Fluid Compartments

The percentage of total body water: 45-75%

Intracellular compartment
2/3 of body water (40% body weight)
Extracellular compartment
1/3 of body water (20% body weight)
the blood plasma (water=4.5% body weight)
interstitial fluid and lymph (water=15% body
weight)
transcellular fluids: e.g. cerebrospinal fluid,
aqueous humor (1.5% BW)
 Air merupakan komponen tubuh
yang penting, semua reaksi biokimia
yang berlangsung di seluruh jaringan
memerlukan media cairan.
Jumlah air tubuh adalah separuh
hingga empat per lima berat badan
manusia.
Distribusi cairan tubuh adalah :
Cairan intraseluler : 67%
Cairan ekstraseluler
Plasma darah : 7 %
Interstitiel : 26 %
 Distribusi cairan dalam tubuh
ditentukan oleh besar kecilnya
tekanan osmotik.
Tekanan osmotik ini diperantarai oleh
3 kelompok senyawa osmotik, yaitu :
Senyawa organik berat molekul tinggi, mis.
protein.
Senyawa organik berat molekul kecil tetapi
jumlahnya banyak, mis. glukosa
Ion Na+ dan ion K+, masing-masing dalam
cairan ekstrasel dan intrasel.
Jumlah cairan tubuh dipengaruhi oleh
: umur, aktivitas, status fisiologik dan
 Asupan air yang diperlukan setiap hari
bergantung pada kesimbangan antara
jumlah yang dihasilkan oleh metabolisme
tubuh dan jumlah yang keluar melalui urin,
tinja, keringat, dan udara pernapasan.
MINERALS
There are two kinds of
minerals:
1.Macrominerals
2.Trace minerals
 Macrominerals
Minerals are necessary for the normal
functioning of the bodys cells.
The body needs relatively large quantities of
these minerals
Bone, muscle, heart, and brain function
depends on these minerals
Calcium, chloride, magnesium,
phosphate, potassium, sodium
Macrominerals are essential at levels of
100mg or more per day for human adults
 Trace minerals
The body needs small quantities of
these minerals
Chromium, copper, fluoride,
iodine, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, selenium, zinc
Except for chromium, all trace
minerals are incorporated into
enzymes or hormones required in
body processes (metabolism)
 Both macrominerals and trace minerals
are harmful if too much is ingested.
Minerals are an essential part of a healthy diet.
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) has
been determined for most minerals.
People who have a disorder may need more or
less than this amount.
Consuming too little or too much of certain
minerals can cause a nutritional disorder. People
who eat a balanced diet containing a variety of
foods are unlikely to develop a nutritional
disorder or a major mineral deficiency, except
for calcium, iodine, or iron deficiency.
 Functions of minerals
Provide a suitable medium for
cellular activity
Play a primary role in osmotic
phenomenon
Involved in acid base-balance
Confer rigidity and hardness to
certain tissues (bones and teeth)
Become part of different compounds
 Glucose
Hemoglobin
Na+ Fe2+
intestine
mitochondria O2

Glucose
H2O
liver

Mg 2+ PO43-
Mn2+ Fe2+
K+ Mg2+
Ca2+ Cu2+
PO43-
 Inorganic enzyme cofactors
(one-third of all enzymes require a
metal ion for catalytic function)
Inorganic Cofactor Function Enzyme Class

Magnesium substrate binding kinases

Calcium substrate activation hydrolases
Potassium structure stabilization pyruvate kinase

Iron oxygen binding, electron transport cytochromes

Zinc substrate binding, structure stability DNA binding
Copper dioxygen activation oxidases
Manganese dioxygen activation oxidases
Cobalt group transfer mutases (with B12)
Selenium peroxidation peroxidases
Examples of Metalloenzymes

Zinc (over 300) Manganese

Dehydrogenases
RNA, DNA polymerase
Carbonic anhydrase
Carboxypeptidase
Amino peptidase
Arginase
Water splitting enzyme
Pyruvate carboxylase
Cobalt (with B12)

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Copper Homocysteine transmethylase
Superoxide dismutase
Tyrosinase Molybdenum
Cytochrome oxidase (with Fe)
Lysyl oxidase Nitrogenase
Peptide amidating Xanthine oxidase
Dopamine beta hydroxylase Calcium
Iron Thermolysin
Ribonucleotide reductase Nickel
Cytochrome oxidase (with Cu) Urease
Quick Overview of Mineral Functions

Na+, K+, Cl- Zn2+

Osmotic control Enzyme cofactor

Electrolyte equilibria Protein structure
Ion currents Hormone activator
Gated channels Neurotransmitter
Genetic expression regulator
Mg2+
Phosphate metabolism Fe2+, Fe3+
Heme iron
Ca2+ Electron transport
Oxygen activator
Muscle contraction Oxygen carrier
Cell signaling
Enzyme cofactor Cu+, Cu2+
Blood clotting Enzyme cofactor
Mineralization Oxygen carrier
Morphogenesis Oxygen activator
Gene regualtion Iron metabolism
Quick Overview (cont.)

Se Cr3+
Redox reactions Insulin mimetic
Antioxidant Glucose metabolism
Mo2+
Mn2+
Enzyme cofactor Enzyme cofactor (limited)
Nitrogen activator

HPO4=, Si Ni2+

Acid-base non metals Coenzyme

Biomineralization Remnant of early life

Co3+
Vitamin b12
Examples of Metalloproteins
Function

1. Metallothionein Cu, Zn, Cd storage, heavy metal buffer

2. Ferritin Iron storage, iron buffer

3. Calmodulin Ca binding, allosteric regulator

4. Transferrin Iron transport

5. Selenoprotein W Selenium transport

6. Calbindin Calcium transport

Biomineralization

Calcium and phosphate

Bones and Teeth
 Cross section
through trebecular
and cortical bone
revealing the
internal
architecture
surrounded by
marrow tissue.
Cortical bone
with Halversion
system (a series
of channels
supplying
nutrients). Black
dots are
Leg bone of a horse osteocytes
showing the
trebecular (spongy) Trebecular bone
bone and the of the lower
cortical (solid) bone. spine. Changes
This bone is able to with aging.
withstand forces
generated by this
1,500 lb animal
Hydroxyapatite (crystal structure)
Ca10(PO4)6 OH2
Ca P O H
 Zinc Function
300 enzymes require zinc
DNA, RNA polymerases
Numerous hormones require zinc
insulin
EGF
Transcription factors (zinc finger
proteins)
Membrane stability
Myelination
Skeletal development
Metal Ions in Catalysis-
One third of all enzymes require a metal ion for catalysis
 Zn
Zn 2+Polarizes
2+
PolarizesHH22O,
O,
making
makingititaabetter
better
nucleophile
nucleophile

His His
O O
..
His Zn2+ O + C His Zn2+ O C
O
H O H
His His
H2O
His Displaces HCO3-
O
..
His Zn2+ O + H+ + H O C
O
H
His Bicarbonate
 Biochemical Iron
Hemoglobin- oxygen carrier in the blood
Myoglobin- O2 carrier in cells (mostly in
muscle)
Cytochromes- electron carriers in
membranes
Catalase- enzyme that destroys H2O2
(hydrogen peroxide)
Cytochrome oxidase- electron transport,
ATP synthesis in mitochondria
Cytochrome P450- detoxifying enzyme
Nitrogenase- nitrogen fixation
Ferritin- iron storage in cells, plasma
Transferrin- iron transport in blood
Iron-sulfur electron proteins- electron
carriers
Tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase-
enzymes that synthesizes L-DOPA and
tyrosine, respectively
 Function
Oxygen Transport & Storage
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Electron Transport & Energy Metabolism
Cytochromes
Fe-S proteins
Substrate Oxidation & Reduction
Iron dependent enzyme-
Ribonucleotide reductase
Amino acid oxidases
Fatty acid desaturases
Nitric oxide synthetase
Peroxidases All use O2 as a substrate
 Examples of Iron-dependent Enzymes

Aldehyde Oxidase
R-CHO + O2 RCOOH + H-O-O-H

Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase

L-tyrptophan + BH4 + O2 5 OH L-tryptophan + BH2 +

H2O
Fatty Acid desaturase

Stearoyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + O2 Oleoyl-CoA + NAD+ +

2H2O
Peroxidase

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

(O2 is either incorporated into the product or reduced by electrons)

Transport Mechanism

A bucket-brigade ..
.. Cyt
.. .. Cyt b Cyt c1 Cyt c a+a3
NADH FMN CoQH2 (Fe3+) (Fe2+) (Fe3+) (Fe2+) O2

NAD+ FMNH2 CoQ Cyt b Cyt c1 Cyt c Cyt H2O

.. (Fe2+) (Fe3+) (Fe2+) a+a3 ..
.. .. (Fe3+)

Reduced Oxidized
-0.32 volts + 0.82 volts