WIND LOAD

Literature review

There are 4 options for evaluating the design wind loads for building

structure such as:

1.Directional Procedure for buildings of all heights: wind loads for the

design of the Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) of enclosed

and partially enclosed buildings

2.Envelope Procedure for low-rise buildings: Wind loads for the design

of the MWFRS for all low-rise buildings designed

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3.Directional Procedure for Building Appurtenances: Wind loads for the

design of building appurtenances (such as rooftop structures and equipment)

and other structures (such as solid freestanding walls and freestanding signs,

chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice frameworks, and trussed towers)

4.Wind Tunnel Procedure for all buildings and all others: This method is

considered to produce the most accurate wind pressures of any method

specified in this Standard.

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 Choose the type of method

Design steps for MWFRS as following below:

Step 1: Determine the basic wind speed V= .?

Step 2: Determine wind parameters

a. Wind directionality factor Kd = 0.85 (ASCE Table 26.6.1)

b. Exposure, , Zg (ASCE Table 26.9.1)

c. Topography factor Kzt =1( ASCE section 26.8.2)

d. Gust effect factor G =0.85 ( ASCE section 26.9.1)

e. External pressure coefficient Cp (ASCE Table 26.11.1) 3

a.Wind Directionality Factor Kd (ASCE Table 26.6.1)
It depends on type of structure

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b. Exposure, , Zg (ASCE Table 26.9.1)

For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure shall be based
on ground surface roughness that is determined from natural topography,
vegetation, and constructed facilities.

Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or

other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size
of single-family dwellings or larger.

Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having

heights generally less than 9.1 m. This category includes fl at open
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country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This
category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
Where = 3-sec gust-speed power law exponent
zg = nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer used in
this standard
 Topography factor: wind speed-up effects at isolated
hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt
changes in the general topography

If site conditions and locations of structures do not

meet all the conditions specifi ed in Section
26.8.1then Kzt = 1.0.
Gust effect factor: The gust-effect factor for a rigid
building or other structure is permitted to be taken as
0.85. It depends on rigid or flexural building.
Rigid building

Where
e. Internal Pressure Coefficient (ASCE Table 26.11.1)

Notes: 1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures

acting toward and away from the internal surfaces,
respectively. 6
Step 3 : Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient (ASCE
Table 27.3.1)

2
z
For 4.57m z zg, K z 2.01
z
g
2
4.57
For z < 4.57m, K z 2.01
z
g

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Step 4 : Determine external and internal velocity pressure (ASCE section 27.3.2)

qz 0.613K z K zt K dV 2 ( N / m)
Step 5 : Determine wind pressure (ASCE section 27.4.1)

p) (N/m) For Windward wall, Leeward wall and Side wall

Where G = gust-effect factor, see Section 26.9

Cp = external pressure coefficient from (Figure 27.4-1)
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from (Table 26.11-1)

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 q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground

q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h

qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of

enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings

qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed

buildings where height z

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Figure 27.4-1

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Thanks