Reproduction in plants

Reproduction in plants

Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction in plants

Genetically identical offspring

from one parent.
without involvement of gametes or
fertilization.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission by mitosis. Example Bacteria
The bacterial cell increases in size
Genetic material copies itself
The cell splits
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Spore Formation by mitosis. Example Fungi
under favourable conditions, the tip of hypha becomes
filled with cytoplasm, nucleus and nutritive substances
The tip forms a sporangium, which is filled with spores
When sporangium is ripe, the sporangium bursts
releasing the spores
When spores fall on a suitable medium and under
suitable conditions, they form new individual
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Tuber formation. In potatoes
A tuber is a swollen underground stem
The tuber contains grooves called buds or eyes
In suitable conditions the buds use the stored
food to form shoots and roots
The new tubers remain dormant until the
conditions are suitable
 Asexual reproduction
Advantages Disadvantages

1. Only one parent is required 1. No variation so any adverse

2. Large number of offspring in a change will affect all equally
very short time
3. All the offspring are identical
to the parents.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Most common method for reproduction

It involves the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete
to form a diploid zygote
The offspring is genetically different from the parents and
other offspring produced by the same parents.

Plants Animals
Male gametes Pollen grains Sperms

Female gametes Ovules Ova (singular: ovum)

 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Flowering plants produce male and female

gametes
The male gamete (pollen grain ) is transferred
to the female part in pollination process
The male gamete and female gamete fuse to
form a zygote in fertilization process
The zygote develops to form an embryo inside
a seed
Seeds are dispersed so that they germinate
away from parent
Structure of a flower
 Two steps or stages of
reproduction:
Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the male
part of the plant (anther) to the female
part (stigma).

Fertilization
The fusion of male gametes and female
gametes producing a zygote.
Types of pollination
 Types of pollination

1. Self-pollination 1. Cross pollination

Transfer of pollen grains from the Transfer of pollen grains from the
male part (anther) to the female male part (anther) of a flower to the
part (stigma) of the same flower or female part (stigma) of another flower

another flower on the same plant on another plant.

Bisexual flower (hermaphrodite) Might be bisexual or unisexual
carrying male and female organs Male and female organs becomes
and they become mature at the mature at different times

same time.
Stamens are shorter than carpels
Male and female organs ripen after
Stamens are longer than carpels
opening of flower
Male and female organs ripen
Stigma secrets chemical to kill
before opening of flower
pollen grains of the same flower.
 Fertilization
The pollen grains land on the stigma. If the
pollen grains are compatible (i.e. from the
same species), the pollen grain germinates
and produces a pollen tube after
absorbing a sticky fluid
The pollen tube grows down through the
style to reach the ovule in the ovary.
The male nucleus fuses with the female
nucleus to give a zygote which will develop
into an embryo plant.
 After fertilization

The sepals , petals , stamen , stigma

and style dry and fall
The remainder of the ovule develops
into a seed.
The ovary or receptacle produces a
fruit after enlarging
The wall of the ovary become the
pericarp (fruit wall)
Structure of a seed
Testa: the outer layer- non
permeable but become soft and
rupture during germination.

Cotyledon: store food.

Radicle: grow producing young

root.

Plumule: grow producing young

shoot.

Micropyle: during germination,

water enters the through it to
the seed.
 Environmental conditions affecting germination

Suitable temperature
Moisture (water)
oxygen

Light is not needed for seed germination as most seeds germinate under the
soil where they dont depend on light or photosynthesis to get their food
 Dry and fresh mass during germination

At the beginning of germination After several days

The dry mass decreases as the Dry mass starts to increase as

embryo breaks down the stored green leaves will be formed and
food. will Make its own food by
Fresh mass increases due to photosynthesis
Fresh mass increases
absorption of water
 Seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed away from parent
plant by wind or animals.
This is important to decrease
competition between the new plant
and parent plant on:
Water
Minerals
Sunlight