INTRODUCTION TO

ARISTOTLES LOGIC
Aristotle was the first to develop a formalized system for reasoning.
Aristotle observed that the validity of any argument can be
determined by its structure rather than its content.
Logic is a study of words or language, but not the way a grammarian
would study these. Aristotelian logic is the study of the thought for
which words are signs; it is an attempt to get at truth by an analysis of
the thought that reflects our apprehension or understanding of the
nature of things.
Aristotle implied that his logic was done through verbal reasoning.
 THE ORGANON
Aristotles six logical treatises into a sort of manual they called the Organon
(Greek for tool). The Organon included the Categories, On Interpretation, the
Prior Analytics, the Posterior Analytics, the Topics, and On Sophistical
Refutations. All of these treaties conclude towards the Syllogism, the reasoning
method produced from Aristotelian Logic.
Syllogism- reasoning in which two statements a major premise and a minor
premise reach a logical conclusion. For example, the premise "Every A is B"
could be followed by another premise, "This C is A." Those statements would lead
to the conclusion "This C is B."
Example: Major Premise: All men are mortal.
Minor Premise: Socrates is a man.
Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
 DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts
out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific,
logical conclusion. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories.
In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all
members of that class. For example, "All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is
mortal." For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that
the premises, "All men are mortal" and "Harold is a man" are true. Therefore, the conclusion is
logical and true.
It's possible to come to a logical conclusion even if the generalization is not true. If the
generalization is wrong, the conclusion may be logical, but it may also be untrue. For example,
the argument, "All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather,"
is valid logically but it is untrue because the original statement is false.
 INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning makes broad
generalizations from specific observations.
Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the
conclusion to be false.
Heres an example: "Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are
bald." The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements.
Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses
and theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations.
 QUESTIONS
Is Syllogism deductive reasoning or Inductive reasoning
How would you prove that mice are mammals???
Major premise : Some cats have no tails.
Minor premise : All cats are mammals.
Major premise:All books from that store are new.
Minor premise:These books are from that store.
Major premise: All fruit is nutritious.
Minor premise: All fruit is tasty.
Major premise : No tree is edible.
Minor premise : Some trees are green.
Major premise : No humans are perfect.
Minor premise : All perfect creatures are mythical.