Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Theories applied in
Community Health
Nursing
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Introduction
The concept of community is defined as "a group
of people who share some important feature of
their lives and use some common agencies and
institutions."
The concept of health is defined as "a balanced
state of well-being resulting from harmonious
interactions of body, mind, and spirit."
The term community health is defined by meeting
the needs of a community by identifying problems
and managing interactions within the community
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Basic Elements
The six basic elements of nursing practice
incorporated in community health programs and
services are:
(1) promotion of healthful living
(2) prevention of health problems
(3) treatment of disorders
(4) rehabilitation
(5) evaluation and
(6) research.
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Major Roles
The focus of nursing includes not only the individual,
but also the family and the community, meeting these
multiple needs requires multiple roles. The seven
major roles of a community health nurse are:
(1) care provider
(2) educator
(3) advocate
(4) manager
(5) collaborator
(6) leader, and
(7) researcher.
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Major Settings
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Environment
environment components are environement factors,
environment elements, conditions, and developed
environment
Human being has the capacity to reflect, symbolize
and use symbols
Conceptualized as a total being with universal,
developmental needs and capable of continuous self
care
A unity that can function biologically, symbolically and
socially
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Nursing client
A human being who has "health related /health
derived limitations that render him incapable of
continuous self care or dependent care or
limitations that result in ineffective / incomplete
care.
A human being is the focus of nursing only when
a self care requisites exceeds self care
capabilities
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Nursing problem
deficits in universal, developmental, and health
derived or health related conditions
Nursing process
a system to determine (1)why a person is under
care (2)a plan for care ,(3)the implementation of
care
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Degree to reaction
the amount of system instability resulting from
stressor invasion of the normal LOD( Line of
defence)
Entropy
a process of energy depletion and
disorganization moving the system toward
illness or possible death.
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Flexible LOD
a protective, accordion like mechanism that
surrounds and protects the normal LOD from
invasion by stressors.
Normal LOD
It represents what the client has become over
time, or the usual state of wellness. It is
considered dynamic because it can expand or
contract over time.
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Line of Resistance-LOR
The series of concentric circles that surrounds the basic
structure.
Protection factors activated when stressors have
penetrated the normal LOD, causing a reaction
symptomatology. E.g. mobilization of WBC and
activation of immune system mechanism
Input- output
The matter, energy, and information exchanged
between client and environment that is entering or
leaving the system at any point in time.
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Open system
A system in which there is continuous flow of
input and process, output and feedback. It is a
system of organized complexity where all
elements are in interaction.
Prevention as intervention
Interventions modes for nursing action and
determinants for entry of both client and nurse
in to health care system.
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Reconstitution
The return and maintenance of system stability,
following treatment for stressor reaction, which
may result in a higher or lower level of wellness.
Stability
A state of balance of harmony requiring energy
exchanges as the client adequately copes with
stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal
level of health thus preserving system integrity.
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Stressors
environmental factors, intra (emotion, feeling),
inter (role expectation), and extra personal (job
or finance pressure) in nature, that have
potential for disrupting system stability.
A stressor is any phenomenon that might
penetrate both the F and N LOD, resulting either
a positive or negative outcome.
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Wellness/Illness
Wellness is the condition in which all system
parts and subparts are in harmony with the
whole system of the client.
Illness is a state of insufficiency with disrupting
needs unsatisfied (Neuman, 2002).
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Secondary Prevention
occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in
terms of existing system.
focuses on preventing damage to the central core by
strengthening the internal lines of resistance and/or
removing the stressor.
Tertiary Prevention
occurs after the system has been treated through secondary
prevention strategies.
offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the
system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate
reconstitution
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ENVIRONMENT
"the totality of the internal and external forces
(intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra-personal stressors)
which surround a person and with which they interact at any
given time."
The internal environmentexists within the client system.
The externalenvironmentexists outside the client
system.
The createdenvironmentis an environment that is
created and developed unconsciously by the client and is
symbolic of system wholeness.
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HEALTH
Health is equated with wellness.
the condition in which all parts and subparts
(variables) are in harmony with the whole of the
client (Neuman, 1995).
The client system moves toward illness and death
when more energy is needed than is available.
The client system moved toward wellness when
more energy is available than is needed
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NURSING
a unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables
which influence the response a person might have to a stressor.
person is seen as a whole, and it is the task of nursing to
address the whole person.
Neuman defines nursing as action which assist individuals,
families and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness,
and the primary aim is stability of the patient/client system,
through nursing interventions to reduce stressors.
The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of reaction to
stressors, and the use of primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions.
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interrelated concepts
logically consistent.
logical sequence
fairly simple and straightforward in approach.
easily identifiable definitions
provided guidelines for nursing education and
practice
applicable in the practice
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