NUMERICAL APPROACH IN SOLVING

THE PDE FOR PARTICULAR FLUID

DYNAMICS CASES
Conference on PDE Methods in Applied Mathematics and
Image Processing, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria, 2004

ZoranMarkov
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
University in Skopje, Macedonia

Jointresearch
PredragPopovski
University in Skopje, Macedonia

AndrejLipej
Turboinstitut, Slovenia
 Overview
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INTRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL MODELING AND GOVERNING

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EQUATIONS

TURBULENCE MODELING

VERIFICATION OF THE NUMERICAL

RESULTS USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Z. Markov: NUMERICAL APPROACH IN SOLVING 2

 1. Introduction
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Solving the PDE equations in fluid dynamics has

proved difficult, even impossible in some cases
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Development of numerical approach was

necessary in the design of hydraulic machinery

Greater speed of the computers and

development of reliable software

Calibration and verification of all numerical

models is an iterative process

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 2. Numerical Modeling and
Governing Equations
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Continuity and Momentum Equations

Compressible Flows
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Time-Dependent Simulations

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 2.1. Continuity and Momentum Equations
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The Mass Conservation Equation

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ui Sm
t xi
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Momentum Conservation Equations

i-direction in a internal (non-accelerating) reference frame:

p ij
( ui ) ( ui u j ) g i Fi
t x j xi x j
ui u j 2 u
ij l ij

x j xi 3 xl

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 2.2. Compressible Flows
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When to Use the Compressible Flow Model?

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M<0.1 - subsonic, compressibility effects are negligible

M1- transonic, compressibility effects become important
M>1- supersonic, may contain shocks and expansion fans, which
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can impact the flow pattern significantly

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Physics of Compressible Flows

total pressure and total temperature :
p0 1 2 1 To 1 2
1 M 1 M
ps 2 Ts 2

The Compressible Form of Gas Law

ideal gas law: ( pop p ) / RTs
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 2.3. Time-Dependent Simulations
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Temporal Discretization
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Time-dependent equations must be discretized in both space and

time
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A generic expressions for the time evolution of a variable is given by

F ( )
t
where the function F incorporates any spatial discretization
If the time derivative is discretized using backward differences, the first-order accurate temporal discretization is given

n 1 n
F ( )
t
second-order discretization is given by
3 n 1 4 n n 1
F ( )
2 t
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 3. Turbulence Modeling
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Standard CFD codes usually provide the

following choices of turbulence models:
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Spalart-Allmaras model
Standard k- model
Renormalization-group (RNG) k- model
Realizable k- model
Reynolds stress model (RSM)
Large eddy simulation (LES) model

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 Transport Equations for Standard k- model
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The turbulent kinetic energy, k, and its rate of

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dissipation, , are obtained from the following transport

equations:
Dk t k
G k G b -YM
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+
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Dt xi x k i

D t 2
+ C1 G k C3 G b C 2
Dt xi xi k k

The "eddy" or turbulent viscosity, t, is computed by

combining k and as follows:
k2
t=C

C1=1.44; C2=1.92; C=0.09; k=1.0 and =1.3

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 4. Verification Of The Numerical
Results Using Experimental Data
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Simulation of Projectile Flight Dynamics

Hydrodynamic and Cavitation Performances of

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Modified NACA Hydrofoil

Cavitation Performances of Pump-turbine

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 4.1. Simulation of Projectile Flight
Dynamics
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Projectile 105 mm M1 - mass analysis

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Part/Subassembly: Multiple

Mass: 14.968Kg
Volume: 3140185.9077mm^3
Centroid: X: 307.1229
Y: 0
Z: 0
Moments of inertia: X: 22273.0654
Y: 1641718.8812
Z: 1641715.2464
Products of inertia: XY: 0
XZ: 0
YZ: 0
Radii of Gyration: X: 38.5752
Y: 331.1828
Z: 331.1824
Principal moments and X-Y-Z directions about centroid:
I: 22273.0654 along [1,0,0]
J : 229871.3222 along [0,1,0]
K: 229867.6875 along [0,0,1]

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 4.1. Simulation of Projectile Flight
Dynamics (2)
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Comparison of the projectile trajectory elements obtained as a result of the

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simulation with those given in the range tables

M a x im u m ra n g e

A n g le o f im p a c t
o n th e g ro u n d [ ]
Im p a c t v e lo c ity
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Initial conditions:

T im e o f flig h t
Method for
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Elevation angle 0

[m /s ]
[s e c ]

[m ]
[m ]

M a x im u m
obtaining of the
Muzzle velocity V0 results

h e ig h t
Simulation 3069 12.8 201 15.4 231
0 = 14
Range tables 3100 12.9 203 15.6 233
V0 = 267 m/s
Error [] 0.1 0.77 0.98 1.28 0.85
Simulation 3568 17.6 381 24.3 205
0 = 22
Range tables 3600 17.7 383 24.6 207
V0 = 238 m/s
Error [] 0.88 0.56 0.52 1.21 0.96
Simulation 7794 31 1188 34.7 253
0 = 28
Range tables 8100 31.5 1229 35 259
V0 = 376 m/s
Error [] 1.3 1.58 3.33 0.85 2.31

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 4.1. Simulation of Projectile Flight
Dynamics (3)
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Comparison of the projectile's maximum range

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Maximum range comparison

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10000
Max. range [m]

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
10 15 20 25 30
Elevation angle [deg]

Simulation Range tables

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 4.2. Hydrodynamic and Cavitation Performances
of Modified NACA Hydrofoil
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Modified NACA 4418 Hydrofoil

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cevka

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 4.2. Lift Coefficient for Different Turbulence Models
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0.48

0.475

0.47
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0.465

0.46
Cl

0.455

0.45

0.445

0.44

0.435
experiment k-e standard k-e standard k-e RNG k-e K-L k-e K-L k-omega default k-omega default RSM default
(20000) (90600) scalable KL

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 4.2. Pressure Coefficient Around the Blade With
and Without Cavitation
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NACA 4418

1
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

-1
Cp

-2

-3

-4

-5
x/L

exp s2 exp s7 Fluent-s7 Fluent-s2

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 4.2. Lift Coefficient of the Blade With and
Without Cavitation
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NACA 4418
2.5
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2
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1.5
Cl

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
alfa

experiment sigma 7 Tasc Flow sigma 7 experiment sigma 2 TascFlow sigma 2

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 4.2. Cavitation at =80
(Numerical Solution and Experiment)
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 4.2. Cavitation Cloud Length
(Numerical Solution and Experiment)
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 4.2. Cavitation Inception at =80
(Numerical Solution)
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 4.2. Cavitation Development at =80
(Experiment and Numerical Solution)
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 4.2. Cavitation Development at =160
(Experiment and Numerical Solution)
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 Conference on PDE Methods in
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Pump-Turbine
4.3. CFD model of the Calculated

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23
 4.3. Meshing
a) b) c)
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d) e)
a) Spiral case
b) Stator
c) Wicket gate
d) Impeller
e) Draft tube
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 4.3. Number of Mesh Elements
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No. of elements Pcs. Total

Spiral case 110.328 1 110.328

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Stator channel 16.626 16 266.016

Wicket gate
17.918 16 286.668
channel
Impeller 33.138 7 231.966

Draft tube 77.350 1 77.350

Total: 1.008.305

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 4.3. Visualization of the Vapor Development
on the Impeller (Pump Mode)
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 4.3. Results of the Cavitation Caused
Efficiency Drop (Pump Mode)
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TascFlow
Model test
1.01
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1
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0.99
0.98
0.97
max

0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

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 4.3. Analyses of the Flow in the Draft Tube
- Stream Lines Distribution (Turbine Mode)
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a) Minimal flow
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discharge
b) Mode
between
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minimal and
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optimal
mode
c) Optimal
mode
d) Maximal flow
discharge

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 CONCLUSIONS
NECESSARRY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
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NUMERICAL MODELING INCLUDE:

Geometry description
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Flow modeling

Boundary layer modeling

Boundary conditions

Secondary flow effect

Z. Markov: NUMERICAL APPROACH IN SOLVING 29