PROTECTION SCHEMES

PROTECTIVE RELAYING
BASIC FUNCTION

Protective relaying is concerned with

minimizing damage to equipment and
interruption to service when electrical
failures occur
ZONE OF PROTECTION
Power system is protected in zones, each
containing an alternator, a transformer, a
bus bar section or a transmission line.
Each zone has one or more protective
schemes, which are coordinated with
the overall protection with the following
characteristics
OVERLAPING OF ZONES
Zones of protection
Transf

Bus 2 Zone
Zone Line 1 Zone

Gen Zone Bus 1

Zone Line 3
Line 2
Zone
Zone
Overlapping zones
Zone A CB
Zone B
CT B CT A

Trip all zone A Trip all zone B

Zones A and B overlap at circuit breaker CB
Faults in overlap trip both zones
No gaps in protection
ATTRIBUTES OF RELAYING
RELIABILITY: security (avoid false operation) &
Dependability ( correct operation)
SELECTIVITY: minimum disconnection & Maximum
continuity of service
SPEED :
Improved power system stability
Decreased amount of damage incurred
Less annoyance to electric power consumers
Decreased likelihood of development of one type of fault into
other more severe type
Rapid re-closure of circuit breakers to restore service to
customer.
Fault Clearing Time
Relay operating Time
High speed or instantaneous Relay: 1.0 to
2.0 cycles i.e., 0.02 to 0.04 sec.
Circuit Breaker clearing Time:
High speed C.Bs: 2.5 to 3.0 cycles i.e. 0.05
to 0.06 sec.
Total clearing time = relay operating time+
circuit breaker clearing time
Total clearing time may be between 0.07 to
0.1 sec.
PROTECTION OF VARIOUS
COMPONENTS OF POIWER SYSTEM

Feeder protection
Radial system
Mesh Network
HV TXN Line protection
Transformer Protection
Alternator Protection
Motor Protection
Feeder protection
Protection of Distribution Network
And Feeders
Time graded
Discrimination

Current graded
Discrimination
CURRENT GRADED
DISCRIMINATION
 Criteria for over current
protection of radial feeder
The relay at the far end is operated in the shortest time as it does
not have to give back up to any other relay. Upstream relays
(moving back to source side) are time graded with about 0.3 second
delays. Definite time relays can be used where source impedance is
large as compared to the line impedance i.e., small variation of
current for near and far end faults.
Inverse time (IDMT) relays can be used if lines are long and fault
level is much smaller at the far end fault than it is for source end
fault.
Very or extremely inverse time can be selected where the line
impedance is high as compared to source impedance or in case
where coordination with fusses or re-closure is necessary.
Feeder Protection by IDMT relay
Both current graded & time graded
discrimination can be implemented

Requires adjustment of PS and TMS

Coordination delay time (C.D.T)= 0.3 or

0.5 seconds
Example
Use 2.2 IDMT relay to design a well coordinated over current
protection scheme for a radial distribution system with the help
of following information available:

substatio C.T ratio Fault

n current

A 400:5 6000
B 200:5 5000
C 200:5 4000
 Start relay settings for the substation C farthest from the source
set Relay B for back up protection for Rc
Use CDT=0.5 seconds
Check operating time of RB for the plug setting done in the preceding
step for a fault at substation B.
Set PS and TMS of RA for backup of RB; using the CDT=0.5 seconds
Check RA operating time for a fault at sub station A

Fault location RA RB RC
PS=125% PS=125% PS=100%
TMs=37.9% TMs=29%% TMs=10%
C - 0.72s 0.22s

B 1.138s 0.638s -

A 0.985s - -
Use of Directional over current relay
Directional relay
For ac : induction cup
For DC current relay
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Restricted Earth
fault scheme

Unrestricted Earth
fault scheme
Use of residual current & core
balance C.T
TXN LINE PROTECTION
Problems with transmission
lines protection
System configuration changes continuously
More load added time to time
Outages of T.L and/or generating units are
frequent.
Due to complex meshed network and
interconnections, various loops exist in the
system. Hence selectivity can not be achieved
through simple over current relays
Reach of over current relay
Reach of over current
relay depends on:
type of fault
Generation level or source
impedance value

26
Distance relaying
Distance relying scheme is
independent of source impedance
variations

27
Impedance relay

Balanced beam relay

28
29
30
schematic

31
Relay characteristics-RX
diagram

32
33
Effect of Power swings and arc resistance on the
performance of simple impedance relay
Effect of Arc resistance on
Relay operation

35
Effect of Load swing on Relay
operation

36
 Reactance Relay
Current operated directional restraint relay

37
38
Performance during Normal Load and
effect of arc resistance

39
Directional Property

40
Use of directional features with
simple impedance relay

41
 Mho Relay
It is directional relay with voltage Restraint

42
43
 Effect of Arc resistance and
performance under Normal Load

44
Mho relay

45
46
3-zone distance protection

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49
50
51
52
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54
 Power line carrier
communication(PLCC)
For 80% first zone protection
setting, only 60% of the line
covers fast tripping zone of
both relay located at each end
of a double fed Tx. Line
Opening of circuit breakers
located on both ends is
necessary to maintain system
stability
Therefore, a communication
link is to be established
between these two relays to
ensure opening of both Circuit
breakers simultaneously
 Possible communication
Channels
The information to be transmitted is only the
Circuit breaker position i.e., either closed or
Tripped. Therefore, no requirement of large
bandwidth sets carrier frequency just above
audible frequency range ( 50kHz to 200kHz)
Possible channels are
Telephone lines
Microwave
Satellite communication
Power line conductor itself
 Unit Protection
Graded over current schemes drawbacks
Satisfactory grading can not always be
arranged for complex network
Setting may cause greater tripping times at
point in the system making protection
insufficient for excessive disturbance
Concept of unit protection
Where sections of the power system are
protected as a complete unit without
reference to other parts
Example : Differential protection
Pilot wires

Works on difference between incoming and

outgoing currents
Healthy condition

Faulty condition
 Requirements for differential scheme
Current magnitude seen by the relay on both sides should be equal
and in phase

Relay must not trip for external or through faults

Because of CT mismatch of characteristics, relay may mal-operate for external
fault as well.
Therefore a retraint coil is used in addition to operating coil.
Relay characteristics are changed to percent differential characteristics.
Use of Percent differential relay
Difficulties with transformer protection

No load transformer
Switching transients
(inrush current) may be
differentiated from fault current by
measuring harmonics contents. Relay
is blocked by harmonic restraint
C.T ratio error is prominent for
through faults because of CTs
saturation at different level. Percent
bias coil is to be used
Phase shift in YD
transformers is addressed by
proper connections of CTs on both
sides
Protection of YD
Transformer
Requirements:
C.Ts secondary line currents ( or current in
pilot wires) as seen by the relay should be
in phase

C.Ts ratio must be adjusted so that current

seen by the relay should be equal in
magnitude under normal condition
CT connections-30 phase shift offset
 A 3 phase , 200 kVA 110.4 kV,
DY transformer has CTs on
0.4 kV side a turns ratio of
500:5. what should be the CT
ratio on HV side of the
transformer? Also determine
the out of balance current
when a fault of 750A of the
following type occurs on LV
side: a) Earth fault within
protection zone and b) earth
fault outside the zone
 Line sectionalizing

FEEDER #1

115:12.47 kV
HV SYSTEM

FEEDER #2
BREAKER ZONE RECLOSER ZONE

FEEDER #3
ANSI C37-2 Device Numbers
21 Distance Relay
25 Synchronizing Device
27 Undervoltage Relay
32 Directional Power Relay
49 Thermal Relay
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 AC Time Overcurrent Relay
52 AC Circuit Breaker
ANSI C37-2 Device Numbers
59 Overvoltage Relay
67 AC Directional Overcurrent
72 DC Circuit Breaker
76 DC Overcurrent Relay
79 AC Reclosing Relay
81 Frequency Relay
86 Lockout Relay
87 Differential Relay