Vijay Gupta

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Lecture 9

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Recap: Sign Convention of
stress

x y
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Recap: Equivalence of shear on adjacent
planes

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Recap: Stresses in thin
cylinder
Take section of a pressurized cylinder And the
upper half

FBD of the lower half

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Recap: Thin Cylinder

FT
FR
p
FT
FR
We can show by symmetry arguments that:
a) Both shear should be inwards or outwards
(b)Vijay
Shear should be ZERO
Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Recap: Thin Cylinder

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Recap: thin spherical shell

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 That is why gas storage tanks are
spherical

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 2. Deformations,
strains and material
properties

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Hooke Law

P /A
L
/L

Stress = EStrain

P
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 The Fundamental Strategy of
Deformable-Body Mechanics

Deformation depends on
loading, material and
geometry

Strain depends on stress

AND material. NOT on
geometry

Stress depends on
loading and geometry
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 The Fundamental Strategy of
Deformable-Body Mechanics

Load Stress
Equilibrium
Macro Geometry Micro
Strain

Micro Material
Property
Deformation
Geometry
Macro
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Tug of War
Cross-section: 6 cm2

Secti Tension, Stress, Strain Length, Elongation,

on N kPa 4.1610- m m
3

AB 250 416.7 8.3510- 1.5 6.2410- 3

BC 500 833.3 3 2.0 16.7010- 3
CD 800 1333.3 13.331 1.5 20.0210- 3
DE 550 916.7 0- 3 1.5 13.7810- 3
EF 9.2010 -
An300 500.0 2.0 10.0010- 3
Vijay Gupta: Introduction to Mechanics
3 of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Measuring the height of
Kutub

W = Axg = T
= T/A = xg
72 m
= /E = xg/E

d = dx = gxdx/E
T
dx
x
W(x)of Materials,
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics
Narosa, 2013
 Measuring the height of
Kutub

or

For a Nylon wire: density, ~ 0.8X103 kg/m3, and E

~ 400 MPa. We get ~ 52 mm

For steel: density is 7.6X103 kg/m3, and E is 200

GPa. We get ~ 1 mm

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Deflection in a truss
RA,y
RA,x RA,y = 20 kN
A

RA,x = 20 kN
RB,y = 20 kN
B
RB,y
C

20kN
TAC = 28.8 kN
TBC = 20 kN
Memb Forc Leng Area Stress Strain Elongatio
er e th m2 MPa n
kN m m
AC 28.3 1.41 1.77104 160.1 7.6104 1.07103
BC 20 1 1.77104 113.2 5.410 0.5410
4 3

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Deflection in a truss
A A

45o 45o
B E C B E C
D
D
G45
o
F

C1 C1
X-displacement of C ~ shortening of BC =0.54 mm
y-displacement of C ~ EF + FC1 = CD/cos45o + FG(=EC)
~ 1.25
Vijay Gupta: An mm to Mechanics of Materials,
Introduction
Narosa, 2013
 Statically-indeterminate
structures

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Statically indeterminate
problems
PP

R1 R2 R3

Reaction at middle support (and hence, at all

supports depends on the bending of plank.
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Statically indeterminate
problems
1. Consideration of static equilibrium
and determination of loads
2. Consideration of relations between loads
and deformations, (first converting loads
to stresses, then transforming stresses
to strain using the properties of the
material, and then converting strains to
deformations),
3. Considerations of the conditions
of geometric compatibility
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 A simple example
Indeterminate because x is not known!

2.6 m 1.3 m

F1 F2

150 kN
1m
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Statically indeterminate
structure
R1
Taking moments about
the pivot point,
2R1 + 2R2 P = 0
P R2
Geom. Comp.
1 = 2
R1L1/E1A1 = R2L2/E2A2
Indeterminate because 4
unknown forces and only three
equations to determine them.
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Statically indeterminate
structure
R2 - F - R1 = 0; R1L Fx = 0

Geom. Comp.
h + 1 = 2(h -
2) F

R1 = k1
R2 = k2
L
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanicsxof Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Statically Indeterminate
Structure
P

P = R1+ R2
R2 R1 = (E1A1/L1)1
R1
R2 = (E2A2/L2)2

Geom. Comp.
1 = 2

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Pre-stressing of concrete

(a) Tendon being stressed (b) After casting, the force is

during casting. Tension in released and the structure
tendon, no stress in shrinks.
concrete.

(c) FBD of tendon. The (d) FBD of concrete. The

concrete does not let the residual force in the
tendon shrink as much as tendon is trying to
it would on its own. This compress the concrete..
results in residual tension
in Gupta:
Vijay the tendon.
An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Pre-stressing: A simple
example
A concrete beam of cross-sectional area 5 cm5 cm
and length 2 m be cast with a 10 mm dia mild steel
rod under a tension of 20 kN. The external tension
in steel released after the concrete is set. What is
the residual compressive stress in the concrete?

Calculate the extension of steel under the tension of 20 kN

T = 20 kN = 255 Mpa = 1.2110- 3 = 2.42 mm

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Pre-stressing: A simple
example
2.42 mm
s

s + c = 2.42 mm

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Lateral strains:
Poisson ratio,

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Stress-strain relationship

xx
xx = xx/E

yy = - xx

is Poisson ratio
xx
Another material property

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Stress-strain relationship

Let us consider xx.

xx produces an xx =

xx /E
yy produces an yy =
yy /E, which through
Poisson ratio gives xx =
-yy =for
Similarly -
yy /E.
zz .

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Generalized Hookes Law

Shear stresses do not cause any normal strain

Therefore,
xx = xx/E yy/E - zz/E
= [xx (yy + zz)]/E

Similarly for yy and zz

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 An example

F yy = F/A, zz = 0

What is xx and yy
y Geometric compatibility:
xx = 0
x
xx = [xx (yy + zz)]/E

0 = [xx (yy + 0)]/E,

xx =yy = F/A

yy = [yy (xx + zz)]/E = [F/A + F/A]/E = (1 )F/AE

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Another Example
yy
Steel: x =
0.6104 y =
Find xx0.310
and yy
4
:
xx
Plug in:
xx = [xx (yy + zz)]/E

yy = [yy (zz + xx)]/E

E = 200 GPa, = 0.3

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Shear strains and
stresses

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Shear Strain
Apply shear stresses to a block:
Shear strain is /2
Shear strain is also seen as: 1 +
2 2
Since angles are measured
positive counter-clockwise, the
1 angle 2 above is a negative angle.
In general terms, then, = 1 2
with s measured positive when
counter-clockwise
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Shear Strain
A square blocks 0.2 mm 0.2 mm deforms
under y shear stress

C Coordinates after
D
deformation (in mm)
are:
2 A(0,0), B(0.194, 0.013),
1 B
and D(0.012, 0.196).
A
x 1 = 0.013/0.2 = 0. 065
2 = 0.012/0.2 = 0. 06

xy = 0.65 0.60 = 0.05 radians

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Shear Stress

Shear strain is related to

shear stress by

xy = xy/G,

where G is shear modulus

It can be shown that xy does not
depend on other components of
stress.

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Shear Modulus

Material G, GPa
Aluminium 25

Steel 80

Glass 26-32

Soft Rubber 0.003- 0.001

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Vibration Isolator

8,000 N
4,000 N

Shear stress =
4,000 N/ (0.1 m)(0.12
m) = 3.33105 Pa

Shear strain = /G Wall Wall

Rubber blocks
3.33105 Pa/1 MPa 10 cm 10 cm
with 12 cm height
= 0.33

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Vibration Isolator
Consider the rubber block on the left: 8,000 N

=0.33

Wall Wall
Rubber blocks
And therefore, 10 cm 10 cm
with 12 cm height
The vertical deflection of
load = 0.330.10 m =
33 mm
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Elastic Properties

We have so far introduced three elastic

properties of materials.
Material E, GPa G, GPa
Aluminium 70 25 0.33
Steel 200 80 0.27
Glass 50-80 26-32 0.21-.27
Soft Rubber 0.0008- 0.003- 0.50
0.004 0.001

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Thermal strains and
stresses

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Thermal Strains
On heating, there is linear expansion:

There is no thermal shear strain

Material (10-6/oC)
Steel ~ 10
Aluminium ~ 20
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Generalized Hookes Law

Putting Hooke law, Poisson effect and thermal

strains all together,

xx = [xx (yy + zz)]/E + T

yy = [yy (zz + xx)]/E+ T

zz = [zz (xx + yy)]/E+ T

xy = xy/G, yz = yz/G, and zx =

zx/G
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 An example
Aluminium rod, rigid supports.
Temperature raised by T.
What are the stresses?
x
xx = 0 = [xx/E + T]
xx = ET

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Another example

Tank is flush when empty.

Find end forces when pressure
is p p
Due to p: zz = pr/ 2t, = pr/ t z

If end forces F, axial stress

due to it is F/2rt

zz = [(pr/ 2t F/2rt) pr/t ]/E

Equate it to 0 and determine F

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Determining stress-
strain relations

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Stress-Strain Relationship
A material property.

Tensile Test Machine,

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction
UTM to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Extensometer

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Stress-Strain Curve:
Elasticity

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Failure Modes
Ductile
(= F/Ao)

Brittle

(=L/Lo)
Necking

Ductile Failure Brittle Failure

cup-and-cone
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013
 Plastic Deformation, Yield
Strength

Y
Yield stress, Y
(= F/A0)

0.02% Permanent set (= L/L0)

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Strain Hardening

Y1 Ultimate stress
(= F/A0) Y

B
(= L/L0)

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Stress-Strain in Brittle
Materials

Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,

Narosa, 2013
 Idealized Stress-Strain
Curves

(c) Elastic-Plastic
(a) Rigid (b) Perfectly elastic

Increase in
yield
strength

(d) Perfectly plastic (e) Elastic-
Plastic (strain
hardening)
Vijay Gupta: An Introduction to Mechanics of Materials,
Narosa, 2013