Presentation No.

Choice of Average gap density and

Ampere conductors per metre

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 Selection of average gap density
(Bave) depends on
Flux density in the teeth
Frequency
Size of machine

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 Flux density in the teeth

Assume a high value of flux density in the air gap

then flux density in the armature teeth also
becomes high

The value of air gap flux density is chosen in such

a way that the flux density at the root of the tooth
should not exceed 2.2 Wb/m2

Otherwise large amount of mmf is required by the

tooth, that is supplied by more magnetizing
current, which increases core loss and more
copper for field winding

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 Frequency

When the machine rotates armature magnetising

circuit alternately comes under north and south poles.

The frequency of reversal is f=pn/2

For high frequency reversal iron losses in the

armature core and tooth would be high

So for high frequency machines it is not

recommended to use high value of flux density in the
air gap region

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 Size of machine

As the diameter of the machine

increases the width of tooth also
increases permitting an increased
value of gap flux density with
causing saturation in the machine

So it is possible to use increased

value of gap flux density for large
sized machines
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Choice of ampere conductors perI metre
Z length - ac
ac a
AD
Temperature rise
Speed of machine
Voltage
Size of machine
Armature reaction
Commutation

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 Temperature rise

Higher value of ac results in a high

temperature rise of windings
Higher value of ac can be used for
machines using high class insulating
materials
Temperature rise and hence ac again
depends on type of enclosure and
cooling.

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 Speed of machine

If speed of the machine is high the

cooling will be more so we can go for
high value of ac

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 Voltage

In high voltage machines larger

space is required for insulation and
therefore less space for conductors.
In such machines we should use
small value of ampere conductors
per meter.

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 Size of the machine

In large size machines it is easy to

accommodate more conductor
Armature current depends on slot
area which again depends on D2.
Hence specific electrical loading
proportional to D
Therefore greater the diameter of the
machine the greater is the value of
ac
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 Armature reaction
For high value of ac the armature mmf becomes
high that is armature become magnetically
strong.

Under this condition the distortion of main field is

more that is more armature reaction effect

Armature reaction decreases the resultant flux

In order to produce the required amount of flux

total mmf need to increase which increases the
cost of field winding

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 Commutation
The armature ampere conductors per metre length
IzZ
ac
D
A machine with high value of ac will have either a
large number of armature conductors or a small
armature diameter

Machines with large number of conductors will have a

large number of turns in each coil

Inductance of the coil is proportional to the square of

no.of turns. Therefore the use of high value of ac
results in coil having high inductance

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 small armature diameter

When the diameter is small it is not possible to use wide

slots.
Tooth width cannot decrease more because it increases
flux density in them.
Only way to accommodate conductors is by deeper slots
that again increases inductance of armature coils.
The reactance voltage in coils undergoing commutation
is directly proportional to the inductance.
Thus the reactance voltage is high in case a high value
of ac is used.
The reactance voltage worsens commutation condition
in the machine.
The value of ac normally lies between 15,000 to 50,000
ampere conductors per metre length

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 Inter dependence of specific
magnetic and electric loading
Pa Bav. ac
The power output can be obtained by using a
high value of Bave and a low value of ac or vice
versa.

Specific magnetic loading is limited by the

saturation in the magnetic circuit.

Bave can be increased only by increasing the

tooth width, that is possible only by decreasing
slot width that again decreases ac.
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 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of higher Bave and ac
Size and volume of the machine is reduced
Weight of the machine is reduced
Overall cost of the machine is reduced
Disadvantages of higher ac
Armature copper loss is increased
commutation become inferior
Field copper loss increases due to higher exciting current
Overall temperature increases
Disadvantages of higher Bave
Iron loss and filed copper loss are increased
Higher magnitude of no load current
tooth flux density is increased
Noise in machine increased
Possibility of magnetic saturation in iron parts increases

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