Friction generates heat

Some part of energy applied in

rubbing the two surfaces is
thus lost
It is essential to reduce friction
The fluids which minimize
friction are called lubricants
The main purpose of a
lubricant is to save mechanical
energy
Functions of lubricating
oil
Reduces friction between the moving
parts
Reduces wear of the moving parts as far
as possible
Acts like a cooling medium
Reduces noise between striking surfaces
To provide sealing action
To provide cushioning effect
To provide cleaning action
 Requirements of
lubricants
Viscosity high viscosity index (VI)
Petroleum lube oils VI - 100-100
Can be increased to 120-130 by means of
additives
Physical stability
Chemical stability
Resistance against corrosion
Flash point should be high
Cleanliness
Resistance against extreme pressure
Types of lubricants
Animal oils
Vegetable oils
Mineral oils
Synthetic lubricants
Greases
Solid lubricants Graphite
 Viscosity rating
According to The Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE)
0W,5W,10W,20W,25W for winter use
10,15,20,30,40,50,60,80,100,150,200,300 for
summer use
Multigrade oils 10W/30
Oil additives
The chemical substances which are added
to the lubricating oil either to reinforce
some of its natural properties or to
provide it with certain new properties
which it does not possess originally
Oxidation inhibitors amines, sulphides or
phenols with metals like tin, zinc or barium
Corrosion inhibitors - oxidation inhibitors
with metal salts
Detergents high temperature deposits
gums and varnishes
and dispersants low temp deposits
cold sludge
Anti scuff additives - to polish moving
parts like piston, cylinder walls, cams etc.,
Viscosity index improvers
Anti foaming additives
polyorganosiloxanes
Parts which require
lubrication
Main crankshaft bearing
Big end bearings
Gudgeon pin bearings
Piston rings and cylinder walls
Timing gear
Camshaft and camshaft bearings
Valve mechanism
Electrical equipment
Lubrication systems

mist system
Splash system
Pressure system
Dry-sump system
mist system

Used generally for

two-stroke engines
Simplest of all
types of lubrication
systems
Certain amount of
lubricating oil is
mixed with the
petrol itself (2-3%
of oil)
Splash system
Employed for
motorcycles
Cheapest method
The scoop causes
the oil to splash on
the cylinder walls
each time it passes
through its BDC
Con
position
rod
This affects the
lubrication of
or engine walls,
scoop gudgeon pin, crank
shaft bearings, big
Pressure system of
lubrication
Universally used in modern car engines
An oil pump takes the oil from the wet
sump through a strainer and delivers it
through a filter to the mail oil gallery at
a pressure of 200-400 kPa
gasoline engine lubrication
Dry sump lubrication
Oil pumps
Its function is to supply
oil under pressure to
the various engine parts
Generally located
inside the crank case
below the oil level
 Its construction is
Gear pump very simple
Universally used type One gear is driven
pump from cam or crank
shaft
It can deliver oil at a The other gear is
pressure of about 2- free to revolve on
4kg/cm2 its own bearing
The oil is driven
between the gear
teeth from the inlet
side and forced out
the outlet side
Rotor oil pump
The two gears
mesh
internally
The oil is
displaced
from the inlet
to the outlet
side in the
same way as
in the gear
pump
The cam shaft rotates the drive shaft
which rotates the inner rotor which
Plunger pump
The plunger
reciprocates in
the pump body
While moving
up the plunder
sucks oil from
the inlet
And while
moving down
it forces out
the oil from
the outlet
Used in splash
system
 Vane pump

Vane pumps are used

for liquid transfer
applications
Vanes extend from
slots in the rotor,
sweeping liquid
through a cam-shaped
cavity. The vanes
provide very low slip
and high volumetric
efficiency.
Oil filters
An oil filter is a device used to
decontaminate oil that contains
suspended impurities.
A major application is in forming
part of the lubrication system of
engines in which filters are
typically detachable units due to
the need for regular service or
replacement.
The filtration of oil in engines is
essential for enhancing longevity
and performance.
Oil filter system

Obsolet
Types of oil filters
Centrifugal type oil filter
Oil cooler
 Oil pressure gauges

Oil pressure warning light and

switch

Oil pressure warning

Electrically system
operated
Engine Servicing
Automobile service is
necessary to keep the motor
vehicles in a condition of
Safety
Reliability
Comfort
Cleanliness
Performance and
Economy
It includes
High pressure lubrication
Power washing
Wheel alignment
Wheel balancing
Body and wing repairs
Transmission service and
testing
Repair of automobile engine
and electrical equipment
By servicing and tuning of
the engine
Greater power
Faster acceleration and
High road speeds
can be obtained
Types of service
Self diagnosed services
Lubrication
Washing body
Wing repairs
Repairs of brakes, tyres
Steering alignment etc
Performance services
For correcting engine performance and
Electrical troubles
Procedure of engine
service
Engine disassembly
Cleaning of parts
Inspection of parts
Condition of engine
parts
 Engine Decarburization
Engine decarburization is a process utilizing
chemicals to remove soft and semi-hardened
gum, varnish, resin and carbon
deposits from the air/fuel delivery systems and
combustion chambers of internal combustion
engines.
Benefits of the service include improved fuel
economy, engine performance and reduced
emissions.
This process is performed to reduce or remove
deposits
Recommendations will be time and mileage based.

A wire brush is used to remove

heavy carbon deposits from
cylinder heads and valves.
{Some special wire brush
operates on an electric drill
motor}
Scrapers should be used to clean
the piston heads and grooves
Nitriding of crank shaft
Nitriding is a process that
infuses nitrogen ions into the
surface of steel to increase its
surface hardness on a
molecular level.
Nitriding offers the end-user a
uniform hardened layer without
internal stresses, and thats
what makes it perfect for
crankshafts.
 Engine Reboring
A cylinder is rebored because:
1. The piston to cylinder bore
clearance is too large

2. There are deep scratches, grooves

in the bore that hinder cylinder
sealing

3. The bore is out round compared to

the piston.
To increase the power of an
engine we can increase the
cylinder capacity.
The best way to increase the
cylinder capacity of an engine
is by physically making each
cylinder a larger diameter.
Engine block reboring
means that the engine
block is machined to a
bigger size cylinder.

It smoothes out the

bores and makes them
like new.
Blow-by
If the cylinder
becomes oval
due to wear some
of the gas
escapes through
the piston rings.
The gas which
leaks through the
piston rings is
called blow-by.
It reduces the
efficiency of an
engine.
Effects of piston blow-by
The partially burnt A/F mixture
contaminate the lube oil in the
crank case, which may
deteriorate the performance of
the engine lubricating oil
This A/F mixture may cause an
explosion in the crank case
Corrosion of engine parts
Crankcase ventilation
A steady flow of air is carried
through the engine crank case
which carries away the products of
combustion along with it in the
form of vapour or mist.

Methods
1. Road draft system
2. Manifold suction system
 Road draft system
The air stream due to motion of the vehicle,
and supplemented by the cooling fan enters
the engine at the top and is then circulated
in the crank case where it carries the vapor
after which it comes out through the outlet
and goes into the atmosphere
Positive Crank case
ventilation
The Positive Crankcase
Ventilation valve, or PCV
valve, is a one-way valve
that ensures continual
evacuation of gases from
inside a gasoline internal
combustion engine's
crankcase.
Positive Crank case
ventilation
Positive Crank case
ventilation
Fuel
and air
saver
technol
ogy
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