Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 2
P1 V 1 P V
c 2g z1 H f
H p
c
2
2g
2
z 2
If you have two points point 1 and point 2 energy (indicated by pressure)
will be conserved between the two points.
Translating the Equation
2 2
P1 V 1 P V
c 2g z1 H f
H p
c
2
2g
2
z 2
Z is the elevation
If the fluid is higher at Z1 than at Z2 the there is more potential energy due to
Elevation at point 1 than at point 2
We need to pick some arbitrary datum from which to measure Z. People often
Pick sea level, surface level, or some mine level.
More Translation
2 2
P1 V 1 P V
c 2g z1 H f
Hp
c
2
2g
2
z2
2g
We Are Still Translating
2 2
P1 V 1 P V
c 2g z1 H f
Hp
c
2
2g
2
z2
Hf is the energy lost to friction. Friction results from drag on the fluid as it moves
Over the pipe surface, and the fluid dragging on itself due to turbulance.
c Often the pipe system is open to the air at both ends in this case
There is no net pressure at either end and the term goes away.
Sometimes in processing we may be pumping water into a device
That requires the water at some pressure now its not zero.
The Meaning
2 2
P1 V 1 P V
c 2g z1 H f
Hp
c
2
2g
2
z2
All the pressure in a pipe system at any point has to go somewhere and here is a
List of places it can go.
Lets Put This Equation to Work
(and meet a new software friend while we
are at it) Back flow prevention
valve
pump
water
Fire-Up Slysel by GIW
(GIW is a pump company)
Click Ok that
You are not
Going to steal
The source
Code or sue
Them if your
Design does
Not work out.
Design Generally Will Require
You to work through a series of
tabbed inputs and outputs left
to right
File and Help Have Drop Down
Menus
Most important is your ability to save and
Open specific projects saved in filenames
That you chose.
The Help Options
Your cost for power. Program calculates headloss but quick estimate gets costs in
The ballpark.
Click the Next Tab to Describe
Your Piping System
Yipes!
Now the
Pressure
Outside is
Not higher
Than inside
Result
No Water Flows into the pump
My sump has up to 5 feet of freeboard. I am using a large pump that stays above
Water level.
What Happens to Water When It
is Discharged
In this case I will
discharge it into an
open ditch at
atmospheric
pressure
Ie gage pressure of
0
In processing I
might have a
required pressure as
I inject into a
cyclone.
Lets Start Describing Our Pipe
System
Back flow prevention
valve
pump
5
8
The first thing that happens is the water comes in an inlet
water This creates an extra disruption as water swirls into a confined
Environment. We deal with a K factor.
Describing Our Piping System
We highlight the
Part of the system
We will describe
Before starting
Note that when I type the name of the pipe portion The input line
It goes immediately into the highlighted line.
Pipe Section Roughness
Applying the Stanton Diagram
In laminar flow frictional
Losses are a linear
Factor of Reynolds
Number.
2
PipeLength V
H f
f* *
PipeDiameter 2 g
2
PipeLength V
H f
f* *
PipeDiameter 2 g
Stanton Diagram gets us this value of f used to calculate the frictional
Headloss.
2 2
P1 V 1 P V2
c 2g z1 H f H p
c
2
2g z 2
Hf is the term in the Bernoulli Equation which tells us how energy is distributed in
A pump pipe system.
Back to Our Stanton Diagram
In Turbulent Flow over
A perfectly smooth
Surface the value of
f declines at an incline
As a function of
Reynolds Number
The Transition Zone
At a point that depends
On disturbance of the
Water the water
Suddenly starts churning
And jumps from
Laminar to Turbulance
Flow.
Another Transition
Real pipe is never
Fully smooth which
Means bumps on the
Sides of the pipe
Pertrude into the
Churning and turbulent
Fluid.
At higher Reynolds
Number these bumps
Into the turbulent fluid
Fully control the pipe
Friction.
K values are used to describe shock or minor losses such as in this case water
Moving from an open sump into the open end of a submerged pipe.
K Values
Minor losses are
described by the
2
following equation
H K * V
f
2g
K values depend on what is being encountered.
In our case it is water going from an open sump into a confined pipe.
Time for the Good Old Right Click
Trick
And We Are Done With Our First
Length of Pipe
Move to Our Second Section of
Pipe
Back flow prevention
valve
Ditch on the
surface
Ditch on the
surface
As is common my outlet
Pipe is smaller than the
Inlet pipe in my case
pump
1200 feet It is 8 inches.
water
Now for My Lift to the Surface
Back flow prevention
valve
Ditch on the
surface
600 feet
water
Enter My Next Section
Back flow prevention
250 ft. valve
Ditch on the
surface
pump
water
Why A Gate Valve?
The Case of the Illinois Quarry
There was a sump in the bottom of the
quarry that pumped water to the surface
and into a ditch.
They had a heavy rain. The pump worked
and filled the ditch to where the pipe
discharge was below the ditch water level.
Then the power went out.
What Do You Call This?
5
Ditch on the
surface
pump
water
Finishing My Pipeline
Back flow prevention
valve
2
Ditch on the
surface
pump
water
Commentary #1
Slysels menu includes K values for most
common single minor losses
Of course for combinations the possibilities are
infinite
I broke my pipe sections so that no section
had any more than 1 minor loss
I could have more than 1 minor loss in a
section but then I would have to separately
add up and enter the K values
Commentary #2
Note that the K factor for
A minor loss when the
Water discharges to the
Open is 1.
2
V
H K * 2g
When water discharges the entire body of
Energy associated with its momentum is also
Discharged.
f (With mine ventilation fans it is common for the
Discharge to pass out an expanding cone called
An evasay this drops the air velocity and cuts
The energy loss at the discharge mine water
Volumes are usually much less than air volumes).
We Move Now to Pump Duty
or how much of what will we pump today
What Shall We Pump Today?
Note that the default properties of the liquid and slurry are for plain ordinary water.
We can use Slysel for selecting pumps for slurries but we wont do that now.
Now For Entering How Much
I put in my
Quantity of water
And then checked
To let Slysel
Use my pipe
System to
Calculate the
Required pump
Head.
It filled in a bunch
Of other blanks
Including my
Total Head
Requirements.
Commentary on Service Class
Service class does not seem to have a
definition that all agree on.
It has to do with how much of the time it
runs and how critical that it is
Things running more than about 2500
hours a year that are fairly critical seem
likely to be called class 1 duty
Class one pump duty will result in pumps being
selected with tighter more critical specs.
You Can Filter and Limit Pump
Choices
Again a less
Critical
Parameter for
A water pump
Operation.
Next Tab Gives You a Chance to Do
Some Detail Pump Configurations
Head
Water Volume
The Pipe System
Water Volume
Hooking Pumps and Pipes
Together in a System.
The system
Operates at the
Intersection of the
Pump curve and
The pipe curve.
Pump Curve
Water Volume
How Could We Soup Things Up a
Bit?
It works by momentum lets speed up the
impeller!
NewSpeed
SpeedRatio
OldSpeed
Q Q * SR
Quantity goes up linearly with
speed
new old
2 Head goes up with the square
H new
H old * SR Of the speed
Up Up and Away Goes the
Curve
Just one little problem
Spinning impellers
Produce back-thrust
Against the bearings.
Pumps in parallel.
Ok How About Adding in Series
In this case the head adds
Im running at a speed
Here is my top 8X10 choice Im pick it. Of 1380 RPM with a
(It matches my chosen pipe sizes) Pump Efficiency of 68%
I will require 345 HP to run
The system.
Highlight and Click
Im going to check to
Make sure my
Suction lift is not going
To foul-up.
At My Elevation I Have 28 ft of
Head Available.
One disturbing thing I note is that Im running my pump well off of its efficiency
Sweet spot.
This Sounds Like a Job for My
Victims Woops I Mean
Students
I arbitrarily picked 10 inch and 8 inch pipes
I arbitrarily picked 2 staged pumps
Work with Slysel to produce a higher pump
efficiency and lower total horsepower
requirement.
Minimum requirement (break 75%)
Bonus points for the most efficient
Can Get Slysel for Yourself
http://www.giwengr.com/GIWSLYSELusers.htm