Chapter 2

Chapter 2
The Basics of
Supply and
Demand
Topics to Be Discussed
Supply and Demand
The Market Mechanism
Changes in Market Equilibrium
Elasticities of Supply and Demand
Short-Run Versus Long-Run Elasticities
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 2

Topics to Be Discussed
Understanding and Predicting the Effects
of Changing Market Conditions
Effects of Government Intervention--Price
Controls

Introduction
Applications of Supply and Demand
Analysis
Understanding and predicting how world
economic conditions affect market price and
production
Analyzing the impact of government price
controls, minimum wages, price supports,
and production incentives

Introduction
Applications of Supply and Demand
Analysis
Analyzing how taxes, subsidies, and import
restrictions affect consumers and producers

Supply and Demand
The Supply Curve
The supply curve shows how much of a good
producers are willing to sell at a given price,
holding constant other factors that might
affect quantity supplied

Supply and Demand
The Supply Curve
This price-quantity relationship can be shown
by the equation:
Qs QS (P )

Supply and Demand
The
TheSupply
Supply
Price Curve
($ per unit)
CurveGraphically
Graphically
Vertical axis measures

price (P) received
per unit in dollars
Horizontal axis measures

quantity (Q) supplied in
number of units per
time period
Quantity

Supply and Demand
The
TheSupply
Supply
Price Curve
($ per unit) S CurveGraphically
Graphically
P2
The supply curve slopes
P1 upward demonstrating that
at higher prices firms
will increase output
Q1 Q2 Quantity

Supply and Demand
Non-price Determining Variables of
Supply
Costs of Production
Labor
Capital
Raw Materials
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Supply and Demand
Change
Changein
inSupply
Supply
P
The cost of raw S S
materials falls
At P1, produce Q2
At P2, produce Q1 P1
Supply curve shifts right
to S P2
More produced at any
price on S than on S
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q

Supply and Demand
Supply - A Review
Supply is determined by non-price supply-
determining variables as such as the cost of
labor, capital, and raw materials.
Changes in supply are shown by shifting the
entire supply curve.

Supply and Demand
Supply - A Review
Changes in quantity supplied are shown by
movements along the supply curve and are
caused by a change in the price of the
product.

Supply and Demand
The Demand Curve
The demand curve shows how much of a
good consumers are willing to buy as the
price per unit changes holding non-price
factors constant.
This price-quantity relationship can be shown
by the equation:
QD QD(P)
Supply and Demand
Price
($ per unit)
Vertical axis measures

price (P) paid
per unit in dollars
Horizontal axis measures

quantity (Q) demanded in
number of units per
time period
Quantity

Supply and Demand
Price
($ per unit) The demand curve slopes
downward demonstrating
that consumers are willing
to buy more at a lower price
as the product becomes
relatively cheaper and the
consumers real income
increases.
Quantity

Supply and Demand
Non-price Determining Variables of
Demand
Income
Consumer Tastes
Price of Related Goods
Substitutes
Complements

Supply and Demand
Change
Changein
inDemand
Demand
P D D
Income Increases
At P1, produce Q2 P2
At P2, produce Q1
Demand Curve shifts right P1
More purchased at any
price on D than on D
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q

Shifts in Supply and Demand
Demand - A Review
Demand is determined by non-price demand-
determining variables, such as, income, price
of related goods, and tastes.
Changes in demand are shown by shifting
the entire demand curve.
Changes in quantity demanded are shown by
movements along the demand curve.

Price
($ per unit) S
The curves intersect at

equilibrium, or market-
clearing, price. At P0 the
P0 quantity supplied is equal
to the quantity demanded
at Q0 .
Q0 Quantity

Characteristics of the equilibrium or
market clearing price:
QD = QS
No shortage
No excess supply
No pressure on the price to change

Price
S
($ per unit)
Surplus
P1
If price is above equilibrium:
1) Price is above the
P0 market clearing price
2) Qs > Qd
3) Price falls to the
market-clearing price
Q0 Quantity

A
ASurplus
Surplus
The market price is above equilibrium

There is excess supply
Producers lower prices
Quantity demanded increases and quantity
supplied decreases
The market continues to adjust until the
equilibrium price is reached.

Price
S
($ per unit)
Surplus
P1
Assume the price is P1 , then:
1) Qs : Q1 > Qd : Q2
2) Excess supply is Q1:Q2.
P2 3) Producers lower price.
4) Quantity supplied decreases
and quantity demanded
increases.
5) Equilibrium at P2Q3
Q1 Q3 Q2 Quantity

Surplus
Surplus -- Review:
Review:
The market price is above equilibrium:

There is excess supply
Producers lower prices
Quantity demanded increases and quantity
supplied decreases
The market continues to adjust until the
equilibrium price is reached

Price
($ per unit) S
Assume the price is P2 , then:

1) Qd : Q2 > Qs : Q1
2) Shortage is Q1:Q2.
P3 3) Producers raise price.
4) Quantity supplied increases
and quantity demanded
decreases.
P2 5) Equilibrium at P3, Q3
Shortage
D
Q1 Q3 Q2 Quantity

Shortage
Shortage
The market price is below equilibrium:

There is a shortage
Producers raise prices
Quantity demanded decreases and quantity
supplied increases
The market continues to adjust until the new
equilibrium price is reached.

Market Mechanism Summary
1) Supply and demand interact to
determine the market-clearing price.
2) When not in equilibrium, the market
will adjust to alleviate a shortage or
surplus and return the market to equilibrium.
3) Markets must be competitive for the
mechanism to be efficient.

Changes In Market Equilibrium
Equilibrium prices are determined by the
relative level of supply and demand.
Supply and demand are determined by
particular values of supply and demand
determining variables.
Changes in any one or combination of these
variables can cause a change in the
equilibrium price and/or quantity.

Raw material prices P
D S S
fall
S shifts to S
Surplus @ P1 of Q1,
P1
Q2
P3
Equilibrium @ P3, Q3
Q1 Q3 Q2 Q

Income Increases P D D S
Demand shifts to D1
Shortage @ P1 of Q1, Q2 P3
P1
Equilibrium @ P3 , Q 3
Q2 Q1 Q3 Q

P
Income Increases & D D S S
raw material prices fall
The increase in D is
greater than the P2
increase in S P1
Equilibrium price and

quantity increase to P2,
Q2
Q1 Q2 Q

Shifts in Supply and Demand
When supply and demand change
simultaneously, the impact on the
equilibrium price and quantity is
determined by:
1) The relative size and direction of the
change
2) The shape of the supply and demand
models

The Price of Eggs and the Price
of a College Education Revisited
The real price of eggs fell 59% from 1970
to 1998.
Supply increased due to the increased
mechanization of poultry farming and the
reduced cost of production.
Demand decreased due to the increasing
consumer concern over the health and
cholesterol consequences of eating eggs.

Market for Eggs
Prices fell until
P S1970 a new equilibrium
(1970 was reached at $0.26
dollars per and a quantity
dozen) of 5,300 million dozen
S1998
$0.61
$0.26
D1970
D1998
5,300 5,500 Q (million dozens)

The Price of a College Education
The real price of a college education rose

68 percent from 1970 to 1995.
Supply decreased due to higher costs of
equipping and maintaining modern
classrooms, laboratories and libraries, and
higher faculty salaries.
Demand increased due a larger
percentage of a larger number of high
school graduates attending college.

Market for a College Education
P S1995 Prices rose until
(annual cost a new equilibrium
in 1970
was reached at $4,573
dollars)
and a quantity
of 12.3 million students
$4,248
S1970
$2,530
D1995
D1970
8.6 14.9 Q (millions of students enrolled))

Wage Inequality in the United States
Real after-tax income from 1977 to 1999:
Rose 40+% for the top 20% of the income
distribution
Fell 10+% for the bottom 20%

Question
Why did the income distribution become
more unequal for 1977 to 1999?

Consumption & Price of Copper
1880-1998

The Long-Run Behavior
of Natural Resource Prices
Observations
Consumption of copper has increased about
a hundred fold from 1880 through 1998
indicating a large increase in demand.
The real price for copper has remained
relatively constant.

Price S1900 S1950
S1998
Long-Run Path of
Price and Consumption
D1900 D1950 D1998

Quantity

Conclusion
Decreases in the costs of production have
increased the supply by more than enough to
offset the increase in demand.

Observation
To accurately predict the future price of a
product or service, it is necessary to consider
the potential change in supply and demand.
1970 predictions for oil and other minerals
proved incorrect because they only
considered the demand side of the market.

Generally, elasticity is a measure of the

sensitivity of one variable to another.
It tells us the percentage change in one
variable in response to a one percent
change in another variable.

Price
PriceElasticity
Elasticityof
ofDemand
Demand
Measures the sensitivity of quantity

demanded to price changes.
It measures the percentage change in the
quantity demanded for a good or service that
results from a one percent change in the
price.

The price elasticity of demand is:
EP (%Q)/(%P)

Price
PriceElasticity
Elasticityof
ofDemand
Demand
The percentage change in a variable is

the absolute change in the variable
divided by the original level of the
variable.

Price
PriceElasticity
Elasticityof
ofDemand
Demand
So the price elasticity of demand is also:
Q/Q P Q
EP
P/P Q P

Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand

Values
1) Because of the inverse relationship
between P and Q; EP is negative.
2) If EP > 1, the percent change in quantity is

greater than the percent change in price.
We say the demand is price elastic.

Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand

Values
3) If EP < 1, the percent change in

quantity is less than the percent
change in price. We say the demand
is price inelastic.

Price
PriceElasticity
Elasticityof
ofDemand
Demand
The primary determinant of price

elasticity of demand is the availability of
substitutes.
Many substitutes demand is price elastic
Few substitutes demand is price inelastic

Price Elasticities of Demand
Price
EP - The lower portion of
4 a downward sloping
demand curve is less elastic
Q = 8 - 2P than the upper portion.
Ep = -1
2
Linear Demand Curve
Q = a - bP
Q = 8 - 2P
Ep = 0
4 8 Q

Price
Infinitely Elastic Demand
P* D
EP -
Quantity

Completely Inelastic Demand
Price
EP 0
Q* Quantity

Other
OtherDemand
DemandElasticities
Elasticities
Income elasticity of demand measures

the percentage change in quantity
demanded resulting from a one percent
change in income.

Other
OtherDemand
DemandElasticities
Elasticities
The income elasticity of demand is:
Q/Q I Q
EI
I/I Q I

Other
OtherDemand
DemandElasticities
Elasticities
Cross elasticity of demand measures the

percentage change in the quantity
demanded of one good that results from
a one percent change in the price of
another good.
For example consider the substitute
goods, butter and margarine.

The cross elasticity of demand is:
Qb/Qb Pm Qb
EQbPm
Pm/Pm Qb Pm
The cross elasticity for substitutes is positive,

while that for complements is negative.

Elasticities
Elasticitiesof
ofSupply
Supply
Price elasticity of supply measures the

percentage change in quantity supplied
resulting from a 1 percent change in price.
The elasticity is usually positive because
price and quantity supplied are directly
related.

Elasticities
Elasticitiesof
ofSupply
Supply
We can refer to elasticity of supply with

respect to interest rates, wage rates, and the
cost of raw materials.

The
TheMarket
Marketfor
forWheat
Wheat
1981 Supply Curve for Wheat

QS = 1,800 + 240P
1981 Demand Curve for Wheat
QD = 3,550 - 266P

The
TheMarket
Marketfor
forWheat
Wheat
Equilibrium: Q S = Q D
1,800 240 P 3,550 266 P

506 P 1,750
P 3.46 / bushel
Q 1,800 (240)(3.46) 2,630 million bushels
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 63

The
TheMarket
Marketfor
forWheat
Wheat
P QD 3.46
E
D
P (2.66) .035 Inelastic
Q P 2,630
P QS 3.46
E S
P (2.40) .032 Inelastic
Q P 2,630
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 64

The
TheMarket
Marketfor
forWheat
Wheat
Assume the price of wheat is $4.00/bushel
QD 3,550 ( 266)(4.00) 2,486
4.00
Q D
P ( 266) 0.43
2,486

Changes in the Market: 1981-1998
The
TheMarket
Marketfor
forWheat
Wheat
Supply (Qs) Demand (QD) Equilibrium Price (Qs = QD)
1981 1800 + 240P 3550 - 266P 1800+240P = 3550-266P

506P = 1750
P1981 = $3.46/bushel
1998 1,944 + 207P 3,244 - 283P 1,944+207P = 3,244-283P

P1998 = $2.65/bushel

Short-Run Versus
Long-Run Elasticities
Demand
Demand
Price elasticity of demand varies with the

amount of time consumers have to
respond to a price.

Short-Run Versus
Demand
Demand
Most goods and services:

Short-run elasticity is less than long-run
elasticity. (e.g. gasoline, Drs.)
Other Goods (durables):

Short-run elasticity is greater than long-run
elasticity (e.g. automobiles)

Gasoline: Short-Run and
Long-Run Demand Curves
Price DSR
People tend to
drive smaller and
more fuel efficient
cars in the long-run
Gasoline DLR
Quantity

Automobiles: Short-Run and
Long-Run Demand Curves
Price DLR
People may put
off immediate
consumption, but
eventually older cars
must be replaced.
Automobiles DSR
Quantity

Short-Run Versus
Income
IncomeElasticities
Elasticities
Income elasticity also varies with the

amount of time consumers have to
respond to an income change.

Short-Run Versus
Income
IncomeElasticities
Elasticities
Income elasticity is greater in the long-run
than in the short run.
Higher incomes may be converted into
bigger cars so the income elasticity of
demand for gasoline increases with time.

Short-Run Versus
Income
IncomeElasticities
Elasticities
Other Goods (durables):
Income elasticity is less in the long-run than
in the short-run.
Originally, consumers will want to hold
more cars.
Later, purchases will only to be to replace
old cars.

Short-Run Versus
The
TheDemand
Demandfor
for
Gasoline
Gasolineand
andAutomobiles
Automobiles
Gasoline and automobiles are

complementary goods.

Short-Run Versus
The
TheDemand
Demandfor
for
Gasoline
Gasolineand
andAutomobiles
Automobiles
Gasoline
The long-run price and income elasticities
are larger than the short-run elasticities.
Automobiles
The long-run price and income elasticities
are smaller than the short-run elasticities.

Short-Run Versus
The
TheDemand
Demandfor
forGasoline
Gasoline
Years Following Price or Income Change
Elasticity 1 2 3 4 5 6
Price -0.11 -0.22 -0.32 -0.49 -0.82 -1.17
Income 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.32 0.54 0.78

Short-Run Versus
The
TheDemand
Demandfor
forAutomobiles
Automobiles
Years Following Price or Income Change
Elasticity 1 2 3 4 5 6
Price -1.20 -0.93 -0.75 -0.55 -0.42 -0.40
Income 3.00 2.33 1.88 1.38 1.02 1.00

Short-Run Versus
The
TheDemand
Demandfor
for
Gasoline
Gasolineand
andAutomobiles
Automobiles
Data Explains:
1) Why the price of oil did not continue to
rise above $30/barrel even though it
rose very rapidly in the early 1970s.
2) Why automobile sales are so sensitive
to the business cycle.

Short-Run Versus
Supply
Supply

Long-run price elasticity of supply is greater
than short-run price elasticity of supply.
Other Goods (durables, recyclables):

Long-run price elasticity of supply is less
than short-run price elasticity of supply

Short-Run Versus
Long-Run
Primary
PrimaryCopper:
Long-Run
Elasticities
Copper:Short-Run
Short-Run
Long-RunSupply
SupplyCurves
and
Curves
and
SSR
Price
SLR
Due to limited
capacity, firms
are limited by
output constraints
in the short-run.
In the long-run, they
can expand.
Quantity

Short-Run Versus
Long-Run
Secondary
SecondaryCopper:
Long-Run
Long-RunSupply
Elasticities
Copper:Short-Run
Short-Run
SupplyCurves
and
and
Curves SLR
Price SSR
Price increases
provide an incentive
to convert scrap
copper into new supply.
In the long-run, this
stock of scrap copper
begins to fall.
Quantity

Short-Run Versus
Supply
Supplyof
of Copper
Copper
Price Elasticity of: Short-run Long-run
Primary supply 0.20 1.60
Secondary supply 0.43 0.31
Total supply 0.25 1.50

Short-Run Versus
Weather
Weatherin in Brazil
Brazil and
and
the
theprice
priceofof Coffee
Coffee
in
inNew
New York
York
Elasticity explains why coffee prices are

very volatile.
Due to the differences in supply elasticity in
the long-run and short run.

Price of Brazilian Coffee

Short-Run Versus
Coffee
Coffee S S
Price A freeze or drought
decreases the supply
P1 of coffee
P0
Short-Run
1) Supply is completely inelastic
2) Demand is relatively inelastic
3) Very large change in price
Q1 Q0 Quantity

Short-Run Versus
Coffee
Coffee
Price S S
P2
P0
Intermediate-Run
1) Supply and demand are
more elastic
2) Price falls back to P2.
3) Quantity falls to Q2
Q2 Q0 Quantity

Short-Run Versus
Coffee
Coffee
Price
Long-Run
1) Supply is extremely elastic.
2) Price falls back to P0.
3) Quantity increase to Q0.
P0 S
Q0 Quantity

First, we must learn how to fit linear

demand and supply curves to market
data.
Then we can determine numerically how
a change in a variable will cause supply
or demand to shift and thereby affect the
market price and quantity.

Available Data
Equilibrium Price, P*
Equilibrium Quantity, Q*
Priceelasticity of supply, ES, and
demand, ED.

Price
Supply: Q = c + dP
a/b
ED = -bP*/Q*
P* ES = dP*/Q*
-c/d Demand: Q = a - bP
Q* Quantity

Lets begin with the equations for supply

and demand:
Demand: QD = a - bP
Supply: QS = c + dP
We must choose numbers for a, b, c,
and d.

Step 1:
Recall:
E (P/Q)( Q/P)

For linear demand curves, the change in

quantity divided by the change in price is
constant (equal to the slope of the curve).

Substituting the slopes for each into the

formula for elasticity, we get:
ED - b(P * /Q*)
ES d(P * /Q*)

Since we will have values for ED, ES, P*,

and Q*, we can solve for b & d, and a &
c.
* *
QD a bP
* *
QS c dP

Deriving the long-run supply and demand

for copper:
The relevant data are:
Q* = 7.5 mmt/yr.
P* = 75 cents/pound
ES = 1.6
ED = -0.8

Es = d(P*/Q*) Ed = -b(P*/Q*)
1.6 = d(75/7.5) -0.8 = -b(.75/7.5)
= 0.1d = -0.1b
d = 1.6/0.1 = 16 b = 0.8/0.1 = 8

Supply = QS* = c + dP* Demand = QD* = a -bP*

7.5 = c + 16(0.75) 7.5 = a -(8)(.75)
7.5 = c + 12 7.5 = a - 6
c = 7.5 - 12 a = 7.5 + 6
c = -4.5 a =13.5
Q = -4.5 + 16P Q = 13.5 - 8P

Setting supply equal to demand gives:
Supply = -4.5 + 16p = 13.5 - 8p = Demand
16p + 8p = 13.5 + 4.5
p = 18/24 = .75

Price
Supply: QS = -4.5 + 16P
a/b
.75
-c/d Demand: QD = 13.5 - 8P
7.5 Mmt/yr

We have written supply and demand so

that they only depend upon price.
Demand could also depend upon income.
Demand would then be written as:
Q a bP fI

We know the following information

regarding the copper industry:
I = 1.0
P* = 0.75
Q* = 7.5
b =8
Income elasticity: E = 1.3

f can be found by substituting known

values into the income elasticity formula:
E ( I / Q)(Q / I )
and
f Q / I
Solving for f gives:
1.3 = (1.0/7.5)f
f = (1.3)(7.5)/1.0 = 9.75

Solving for a gives:

Q a bP fI
* *
7.5 = a - 8(0.75) + 9.75(1.0)
a = 3.75

Declining Demand and the
Behavior of Copper Prices
The relevant factors leading to a
decrease in the demand for copper are:
1) A decrease in the growth rate of power

generation
2) The development of substitutes: fiber

optics and aluminum

Real versus Nominal
Prices of Copper 1965 - 1999

Real versus Nominal
We will try to estimate the impact of a 20
percent decrease in the demand for
copper.
Recall the equation for the demand
curve:
Q = 13.5 - 8P

Real versus Nominal
Multiply this equation by 0.80 to get the
new equation. This gives:
Q = (0.80)(13.5 - 8P)
Q = 10.8 - 6.4P
Recall the equation for supply:
Q = -4.5 + 16P

Real versus Nominal
The new equilibrium price is:
-4.5 + 16P = 10.8 - 6.4P
-16P + 6.4P = 10.8 + 4.5
P = 15.3/22.4
P = 68.3 cents/pound

Real versus Nominal
The twenty percent decrease in demand
resulted in a reduction in the equilibrium
price to 68.3 cents from 75 cents, or 10
percent.

Price of Crude Oil

Upheaval in the World Oil Market
We can predict numerically the impact of

a decrease in the supply of OPEC oil.
In 1995:
P* = $18/barrel
World demand and total supply = 23 bb/yr.
OPEC supply = 10 bb/yr.
Non-OPEC supply = 13 bb/yr

Price Elasticity Estimates
Short-Run Long-Run
World Demand: -0.05 -0.40
Competitive Supply 0.10 0.40

(non-OPEC)

Short-Run Impact of a stoppage of Saudi

Production equal to 3 bb/yr.
Short-run Demand
D = 24.08 - 0.06P
Short-run Competitive Supply
SC = 11.74 + 0.07P

Short-Run Impact of a stoppage of Saudi

Production equal to 3 bb/yr.
Short-run Total Supply--before supply
reduction (includes OPEC, 10bb/yr)
ST = 21.74 + 0.07P
Short-run Total Supply--after supply reduction
ST = 18.74 + 0.07P

New Price After Reduction
Demand = Supply
24.08 - 0.06P = 18.74 + 0.07P
P = 41.08

Impact of Saudi Production Cut
SC D ST ST
Price 45
($ per Short-Run
barrel) 40 Effect
35
30
25
20
18
15
10
5 Quantity
0 5 10 15 20 23 25 30 35 (billions barrels/yr)

Long-Run Impact of a stoppage Saudi

Production equal to 3 bb/yr..
Long-run Demand
D = 32.18 - 0.51P
Long-run Total Supply
S = 17.78 + 0.29P

New Price is found setting long-run

supply equal to long-run demand:
32.18 - 0.51P = 14.78 + 0.29P
P = 21.75

Impact of Saudi Production Cut
SC ST ST Long-run Effect
Price 45
D
($ per
barrel) 40
35 Due to the elasticity
of the long-run
30 supply and demand
curves, the long-run
25 effect of a cut
in production is
20 much less.
18
15
10
5 Quantity
(billions barrels/yr)
0 5 10 15 20 23 25 30 35

Effects of Government Intervention
--Price Controls
If the government decides that the
equilibrium price is too high, they may
establish a maximum allowable ceiling
price.

Effects of Price Controls
Price
S
If price is regulated to
be no higher than Pmax,
quantity supplied falls
P0 to Q1 and quantity
demanded increases to
Q2. A shortage results
Pmax
D
Excess demand
Q0 Quantity

Price Controls and
Natural Gas Shortages
In 1954, the federal government began
regulating the wellhead price of natural
gas.
In 1962, the ceiling prices that were
imposed became binding and shortages
resulted.

Price Controls and
Price controls created an excess demand
of 7 trillion cubic feet.
Price regulation was a major component
of U.S. energy policy in the 1960s and
1970s, and it continued to influence the
natural gas markets in the 1980s.

Price Controls and
The
TheData:
Data: Natural
NaturalGas
Gas
PES 0.2
Cross elasticity of supply for oil 0.1
D
PE 0.5
Cross elasticity of demand for oil 1.5
Supply : Q 14 2 PG .25 PO
Demand : Q 5 PG 3.75 PO
Supply Demand @ $2/TcF
Price Controls and
The
TheData:
Data: Natural
NaturalGas
Gas
1975 regulated price $1.00
At $1.00/TcF
QS 18 TcF and Q 25 TcF
Shortage 7 TcF/yr

Summary
Supply-demand analysis is a basic tool of
microeconomics.
The market mechanism is the tendency
for supply and demand to equilibrate, so
that there is neither excess demand nor
excess supply

Summary
Elasticities describe the responsiveness of
supply and demand to changes in price,
income, and other variables.
Elasticities pertain to a time frame.
If we can estimate the supply and demand
curves for a particular market, we can
calculate the market clearing price.

Summary
Simple numerical analysis can often be
done by fitting linear supply and demand
curves to data on price and quantity and
to estimates of elasticities.

End of Chapter 2
The Basics of
Supply and
Demand

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 2

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 3

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 4

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 5

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 6

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 7

Vertical axis measures

Horizontal axis measures

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 8

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide 9

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Vertical axis measures

Horizontal axis measures

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The curves intersect at

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The market price is above equilibrium

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The market price is above equilibrium:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Assume the price is P2 , then:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The market price is below equilibrium:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Equilibrium price and

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The real price of a college education rose

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

8.6 14.9 Q (millions of students enrolled))

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

D1900 D1950 D1998

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Generally, elasticity is a measure of the

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

Measures the sensitivity of quantity

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The price elasticity of demand is:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Slide

The percentage change in a variable is