Byciting sources, writers demonstrate

their familiarity with the research area.

Especially important in academic writing

Source citations allow readers to

retrieve information to verify writers
conclusions and learn more.

Citing
sources is more than a polite
gesture. Its an ethical and legal
requirement.
 Plagiarism includes using ideas,
words, or information without
crediting the source.

Italso includes documenting the

source, but borrowing exact content
without using quotation marks.
A direct quote from any source.

A summary or paraphrase of ideas

contained in a source.

Facts, statistics, findings from a source.

Unless it is your own original research,

cite it.
 Your own ideas.

Common knowledge (i.e., what an

average college graduate who hasnt
done this research would know).

General information youve found in

multiple credible sources (e.g. Artic
ice is melting), unless its
controversial (e.g. the cause is due to
increased cloud cover).
The APA documentation system uses two
parts:

Parentheticalcitations or in-text
citations found in the text that refer
readers to the attached list of references

Entriesin the list of references that

include complete bibliographic
information
 Parentheticalcitations include at least
the authors last name and the year
of publication.

Fordirect quotes and paraphrases,

the page number is also included
when possible.

Information
that appears in the text is
not repeated in the citation.
 All information in citation:
Researchers took Smiths conclusions
seriously (Hart, 2006, p. 110).

Authors name in text:

According to Hart (2006), researchers
took Smiths conclusions seriously (p.
110).

Author and year in text:

In 2006, Hart reported that researchers
took Smiths conclusions seriously (p.
110).
 Youmust give enough information in
the parenthetical (in-text) citation for
the reader to locate the entry in the
reference list without difficulty.
Make sure the first word in the citation
refers to the first word of the entry in
the reference list.
Seethe APA Manual for guidelines for
special cases (e.g., multiple,
anonymous, unknown authors).
 The reference list at the end of the
paper provides sufficient information
for readers to identify and retrieve
each source.

Thereference list includes only

sources cited in the text.

All
references cited in the text must
appear in the reference list.
 Informationin entries must be
correct and complete.

Eachentry must contain all the

information readers need to identify
and retrieve the source themselves.

Entriesusually contain author, year

of publication, title of article, title of
publication and publication data.
Rodriguez, R. (1982). A hunger of memory:
The education of Richard Rodriquez.
Boston: Godine.
Provide authors surname and initials only.
Capitalize only the first word and proper
names in titles.
Give city and state of publication, followed
by a colon and the publishers name.
Separate each element with a period.
Auletta, K. (2001, January 15). Final offer.
The New Yorker. 40-46.

Do not italicize or use quotation marks

around titles of articles.

Italicize titles of journals and magazines

(publishing organizations).
Elston. C. (n.d.). Multiple intelligences.
Retrieved from
http://education.com/teachspace/.

Provide author, date, title data as for print

sources.

If source has no publication date, use n.d.

If there is no author, the article title goes

first.
Van Seters, T., Rocha, L., Smith, D., &
MacMillan, G. (2009). Evaluation of Green
Roofs for Runoff Retention, Runoff Quality,
and Leachability. Water Quality Research
Journal of Canada, 44(1), 33-47. doi:
87267489593873625
 References centre title at top

Arrange
entries in alphabetical order by
surname of the first author.
Entries
are double spaced with the second
and subsequent lines indented five spaces.
MS Word: Paragraph Indentation Hanging
indent

No additional space between entries

 For each source, you must determine
its type then check the appropriate
guidelines.

Followthe example thats most like

your source.

When in doubt, provide more rather

than less information.
 Neverassume that style and format
dont matter.

Followthe documentation system for

the discipline youre writing in.

Youre not expected to memorize the

elements but you are expected to use
examples and models available to get
it right.