DRILLING EQUIPMENT

TEKNIK PEMBORAN
 outline

Rig Type
Hoisting System
Drilling Line Design Considerations
Rotating Equipment
Circulating System
Tubular Goods
Pressure Control Equipment
Derrick Capacity and Substructure
Total Power Requirements
The life of an oil or gas fi eld can be
sub-divided into the following phases:
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Maintenance
Abandonment
Drilling Equipment Goose Neck Crown Block

Traveling Block

Rotary Hose Swivel

Ground Pit Stand Pipe Kelly

Drawork

Over Flow

Shale Shaker
Degasser
Desander
Desilter
Mud Tank

Choke
Kill Line
Line
BOP
Hopper
Manifold

k
Tan
a ter
W k
Tan
a ter r Se
t Mud Pump
W
ato Accumulator
nen
Ge
n k
l Ta
Fue
Maximum drilling depth for
different type of derricks

1 m = 0.3048 ft
7
Cognac Bullwinkle Conoco Petrobras Auger Mars Ram-Powell Ursa Petrobras Mensa Petrobras Na Kika
1978 1988 1989 1989 1993 1996 1997 1999 1997 1997 1999 2003

800 m2600 ft

1200 m3900 ft

1600 m
5250 ft

2000 m
6560 ft

2400 m
7875 ft
1. Sistem pengangkat (Hoisting System)
2. Sistem pemutar (Rotating System)
3. Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating System)
4. Sistem daya (Power System)
5. Sistem pencegah sembur liar (BOP System)
Peralatan Pemboran
1. Sistem pengangkat (Hoisting System)
Derrickpemutar
2. Sistem dan Substructure
(Rotating System)
Block dan tackle
3. Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating System)
Drawwork
4. Sistem daya (Power System)
5. Sistem pencegah sembur liar (BOP System)
Peralatan Pemboran
2.
1. Sistem pemutar (Rotating
pengangkat System)
(Hoisting System)
Swivel,
2. Sistem pemutar
berfungsi (Rotating
sebagai penahan System)
beban drillstring dan bagian
statis yang memberikan drillstring berputar. Swivel
3. Sistem sirkulasi
merupakan (Circulating
titik penghubung antaraSystem)
circulating sistem
dan rotating sistem
4.
Sistem
Kelly, daya (Power System)
adalah rangkaian pipa yang pertama di bawah swivel.
5. Sistem pencegah
Bentuk potongan dari sembur
kelly dapatliar (BOP
berupa segi System)
empat
atau persegi enam sehingga akan mempermudah
rotary table untuk memutar rangkain di bawahnya
Rotary Drive
Peralatan yang berfungsi meneruskan daya dari
drawworks ke rotary table
Top Drive System :

Top Drive unit

Porwer Unit (engine)

Power Hydroulic / Electric

Peralatan Pemboran
2.
1. Sistem pemutar (Rotating
pengangkat System)
(Hoisting System)
Rotary Table
2. Sistem pemutar
Peralatan (Rotating
yang berfungsi System)dan dipakai
untuk memutar
untuk menggantung drill string
3. Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating System)
Drillpipe,
Pipa baja yang digantung di bawah kelly
4. Sistem
HWDPdaya (Power System)
Pipa baja yang digantung di bawah kelly yang
5. Sistem pencegah
mempunyai berat 2-3sembur liar (BOP System)
kali lebih besar
Drill Collar
Pipa baja penyambung berdinding tebal yang terletak di
bagian bawah drill stem di atas bit
Bit
Bit atau pahat merupakan ujung dari drill string yang
menyentuh formasi, diputar dan diberi beban untuk
menghancurkan serta menembus formasi
Tubular Goods
 Fig. 1.33
Schematic
of Rotary
System

17
 Fig. 1.34
Cutaway
View of
Swivel

* Seals
ROTATING * Bearings

18
PIN
BOX

TJ
Fig. 1.38
Shoulder Cutaway View and
Dimensions for
Example Tool Joint

19
 Fig. 1.39
Stabilizer

* Keeps pipe in center of hole

* Aids in drilling straight hole
* Prolongs bit life

20
Peralatan Pemboran
2.
1. Sistem Sirkulasi
pengangkat (Hoisting System)
Mud Pump
2. Sistem pemutar
Berfungsi (Rotating
untuk memompa System)
fluida pemboran dengan
tekanan tinggi
3. Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating System)
Mud Pits
Suatu bak tempat lumpur sebelum disirkulasikan
4. Sistem daya (Power
Mud Mixing System)
Equipment
Suatu peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mencampurkan
5. Sistem pencegah
bahan-bahan sembur
atau material padaliar (BOP
lumpur System)
dengan
menggunakan mixing hopper
Contaminant Removal
Suatu peralatan yang berfungsi untuk membersihkan
fluida pemboran yang keluar dari lubang sumur setelah
disirkulasikan, terdiri dari mud gas separator, shale
shaker, desander, desilter
 Swivel Stand
Pipe

Annular Shale
shaker
Mud
MUD MUD MUD
TANK-1 TANK-2 TANK-3 Pump

Desilter
Shale Desander
Shaker
Degaser

ppore < pmud < pfrac

25
 Hydrocyclo
ne
desander
desilter
* No moving parts
* Pressure drop * Low cost
* Diameter

26
Decanting Centrifuge Use?

27
l

Use?

28
PRESSURE LOSS
Peralatan Pemboran
1. Sistem pengangkat (Hoisting System)
2. Sistem pemutar (Rotating System)
3. Sistem sirkulasi (Circulating System)
4. Sistem daya (Power System)
5. Sistem pencegah sembur liar (BOP System)
Peralatan Pemboran
5.
1. Sistem Pencegah
pengangkatSemburan
Diverter (Hoisting Liar (BOP System)
System)
Digunakan untuk mengalihkan aliran kick biasanya
2. Sistem pemutar
dipasang (Rotating
sebelum surface System)
casing
Annular Preventer
3. Sistem
Annularsirkulasi (Circulating
BOP didesain System)
untuk menutup di sekeliling
lubang sumur dengan berbagai jenis ukuran dan bentuk
4. Sistem daya
peralatan yang(Power System)ke dalam lubang bor
sedang diturunkan
Ram Preventer
5. Sistem pencegah
Untuk menutup sembur
sumur liarRam
sesuai jenis (BOP
yangSystem)
digunakan, terdiri dari pipe ram, variable ram, blind
ram, shear ram
Drilling Spool
Suatu peralatan yang berfungsi dudukan BOP dan
sebagai saluran choke line dan killing line
Casing Head
Casing head merupakan tumpuan dari semua susunan
BOP
Choke dan Killing Line
Choke line digunakan untuk mengalirkan fluida kick
sedangkan killing line digunakan untuk memompakan
killing fluid ke annulus
Accumulator
Sejumlah tabung bertekanan hidrolik yang terhubung ke
kontrol panel untuk menggerakkan seluruh peralatan
BOP
 Annular
Prevent
er

Ram
Prevente
r

Drilling
Spool

Casing
Head
 Fig. 1.41
Kick Detection
During Drilling
Operations

GAIN IN PIT
VOLUME EQUAL
TO KICK VOLUME

KICK 2

1
35
 Fig. 1.46
Remote
Control
Panel for
operating
Blowout
CHOKE Preventers

What to do if KICK occurs?

36
DP
TJ
DC
OH

Press

Fig. 1.44 Annular Blowout Preventer

37
Ram Blowout Preventer
38
 SHEAR / BLIND
RAM ASSEMBLY

Ram Blowout Preventer - contd

39
1. Diverter if required, usually for
offshore operations during the
drilling of top or surface hole. Make
sure the diverter discharge line is 12"
or above.
2. Annular preventer
3. Ram preventers (determine
minimum size of rams required to
suit the drillstring)
4. Blind or Shear rams
5. Choke manifold
6. HCR valves
7. Choke and Kill lines
8. Accumulator and BOP Control System (Koomey Unit)
9. Drilling spools: used as an element between rams to provide mud exit lines such
as
choke and kill lines. Drilling spools can be flanged, studded or clamp-on type.
10. For air drilling, rotating heads are used to allow well control while the pipe is
rotating.
11. Drillpipe Blowout Preventers: include:
Kelly cock
Drop in valve (check valve)
Float valve (either flapper or spring-loaded ball valve)
Full opening safety valves
BOPs are rated by API as 3M (3000 psi), 5M, 10 M and 15 M. For HPHT, BOPS are
either
15 M or 20 M
 Annular
Annular
135/8x500
135/8x5000 psi
0 psi

Pipe

TAHAPAN PEMBORAN DAN PENYELESAIAN

Ram
Pipe
Ram
Annular
SUMUR
Blin
d
Ram

Bor trayek surface selubung 13-3/8 dengan pahat

Blind
Ram

17
Masuk dan penyemenan selubung 13-3/8
Pasang Bottom Flange dan BOP
Bor trayek intermediate casing 9-5/8 dengan pahat
12
Masuk dan penyemenan selubung 9-5/8
Pasang kepala sumur 9-5/8 dan Pasang BOP
Bor Trayek production selubung 7 dengan pahat 8
Masuk dan penyemenan selubung 7
Pelubangan selubung untuk produksikan sumur
Pasang X-mastree dan produksikan sumur
 The total power
requirement
The total power requirement of a rig is
the sum of the power requirement of:
1. Drawworks
2. Mud pumps
3. Rotary system
4. Auxiliary power requirements for
lighting etc.
5. Life support systems
 Hoisting System

HOISTING DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
The procedure for carrying out
hoisting design calculations are as
follows:
Determine the deepest hole to be
drilled
Determine the worst drilling loads
or casing loads
Use these values the select the
drilling line, the derrick capacity and
Power = Ang.Vel. * Torque

P=F.V

Power = Force * Velocity

Hoisting System
Static derrick loading (SDL)= fast-line load + hook load +
dead-line load (14.1)
Referring to Figure 14.1 and for a system consisting
of four lines supporting the hook load.
Then under static conditions:
Fast- line load (FL) = Hook load /4
Dead-line load (DL) = Hook load /4
Example 14.7: Derrick Loading
The following data refer to a 1.5 in block line with 10
lines of extra improved plough steel
wire rope strung to the travelling block.
Hole depth = 10,000 ft
Drillpipe = 5 in OD/4.276 in ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 in/2,825 in, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 10 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency coefficient = 0.9615
Calculate
(1) weight of drill string in air and in mud;
(2) hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and
hook to be 23,500 lb;
(3) deadline and fast-line loads, assuming an efficiency
factor of 0.81;
(4) dynamic crown load;
(5) wireline design factor during drilling if breaking
strength of wire is 228,000 lb
(6) design factor when running 9 5/8 in casing of 53.5
lb/ft.
(7) dynamic derrick load when running the 9 5/8" casing
TORQUE & DRAG
Drag = Over pull (klbs)
HP = Torque (ft lb) x RPM/5252
MUD PUMP
Schematic
of Rig
Circulating
System for
liquid
drilling
fluid

56
57
Pump Factor = 3 * /4 dL2 LS EV / (231 * 42)
58
 Swivel Stand
Pipe

Annular Shale
shaker
Mud
MUD MUD MUD
TANK-1 TANK-2 TANK-3 Pump

Desilter
Shale Desander
Shaker
Degaser
 Swivel Stand
Pipe

Annular Shale
shaker
Mud
MUD MUD MUD
TANK-1 TANK-2 TANK-3 Pump

Desilter
Shale Desander
Shaker
Degaser
 GLOSSSARY
Abnormal pressure n : a formation pressure which is greater or
less than the "normal formation fluid hydrostatic pressure. Such
pressures may be classified as "subnormal (lower than normal)
or "overpressured" (higher than normal).
Annular preventer n : a large BOP valve that forms a seal in the
annular space between the wellbore and the drillpipe. It is usually
installed above the ram type preventers in the BOP stack.
Annulus n : the space between the drillstring and open hole or
drillstring and cased hole in the wellbore.
Azimuth n : used in directional drilling as the direction of the
trajectory of the wellbore measured in degrees (0-359) clockwise
from True North or Magnetic North.
Back off v : to disconnect a section of stuck drillpipe by
unscrewing one of the connections above the stuckpoint.
Bottom hole assembly (BHA) n : the part of the drillstring
which is just above the bit and below the drillpipe. It usually
consists of drill collars, stabilisers and various other components.
Cased hole n : that part of the hole which is supported by a
casing which has been run and cemented in place.
Casing n : large diameter steel pipe which is used to line the
hole during drilling operations.
Barite (Baryte) n : Barium Sulphate (BaSO4), a mineral used as a
weighting material to increase mud weight (specific gravity = 4.2).
Bentonite n : a finely powdered clay material (mainly
montmorillonite) which swells when mixed with water. Commonly
used as a mud additive, and sometimes referred to as "gel".
Bent sub n : a short piece of pipe whose axis is deviated 1-3 off
vertical. Used in
directional drilling as a deflecting tool.
Bit n : the cutting element at the bottom of the drillstring, used for
boring through the rock.
Bit record n : a report containing information relating to the
operating parameters and performance of the bits run in a well.
Blind rams n : one of the valves on the BOP stack. It is designed to
close off the
wellbore when the drillstring is out of the hole.
BOP stack n : an assembly of BOPs consisting of annular preventers
and ram type
preventers. For land drilling the BOP stack is installed just below the
rig floor, while for floating rigs the stack is positioned on the seabed.
Christmas tree n : an assembly of control valves and fittings installed
on top of the
wellhead. The Christmas tree is installed after the well has been
completed and is used to control the flow of oil and gas.
Circulate v : to pump drilling fluid through the drillstring and wellbore,
returning to the mud pits. This operation is carried out during drilling
and is also used to improve the condition of the mud while drilling is
suspended.
Clay n : a term used to describe the aluminium silicate minerals which
are plastic when wet and have no well-developed parting along bedding
planes. Such material is commonly encountered while drilling a well.
Clay minerals n : the constituents of a clay which provide its plastic
properties. These include kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and
vermiculite.
Company man n : an employee of an operating company whose job is
to represent
the operator's interests on the drilling rig (sometimes referred to as
"drilling supervisor or "company man").
Completion
1. v : the activities and methods used to prepare a well for the
production
of oil or gas.