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FLUID STATICS
Outline of Chapter 3
Hydrostatic forces
Turbine
Energy conversion Hydrostatic uplift
Bernoulli equation
What does Static Fluid
mean?
The word statics is derived from Greek word statikos=
motionless
x
The Basic Equations of
Fluid Statics
Body Force
Surface Force
Total Force
Newtons Second Law
Pascals Laws
Pascals laws:
Pressure acts uniformly in all directions
on a small volume (point) of a fluid
In a fluid confined by solid boundaries,
pressure acts perpendicular to the
boundary it is a normal force.
Heat exchanger
Location and
pressure of
interest
Measurement of
Pressure
Manometers are devices in which
one or more columns of a liquid are
used to determine the pressure
difference between two points.
U-tube manometer
Inclined-tube manometer
a
Pb(ab)
gR
m
Measurement of Pressure
Differences
Apply the basic equation of static fluids to
both legs of manometer, realizing that P2=P3.
P2 Pa b g ( Z m Rm )
P3 Pb b g ( Z m ) a gRm
a
Pb
gRab)sin
1(
Inclined Manometer
To measure small pressure differences need to
magnify Rm some way.
Hydrostatic Force on
Submerged Surfaces
h2
A net force is acting
upwards
F2
Buoyancy
The net force due to pressure in the vertical direction is:
FB = F2- F1 = (Pbottom - Ptop) (xy)
H
Thus the buoyant force is: h
FB = g V 2
F2
Compressible fluid
Gases are compressible i.e. their density varies
with temperature and pressure =P M /RT
For small elevation changes (as in
engineering applications, tanks, pipes
etc) we can neglect the effect of
elevation on pressure
In
dPthe general
PMg case dP
startMg
from:
dz
g
dz RT P RT
for T To const :
g M ( z 2 z1 )
P2 P1 exp
RTo
Compressible
Linear Temperature Gradient
T T0 ( z z 0 )
p z
dp gM dz
p p R z T0 ( z z0 )
0 0
gM
T0 ( z z0 ) R
p ( z ) p0
T0
Atmospheric Equations
Assume constant
g M ( z z0 )
p ( z ) p0 e RT0
Assume linear
gM
T0 ( z z0 ) R
p ( z ) p0
T 0 Temperature variation with
altitude for the U.S.
standard atmosphere
The atmospheric
pressure distribution
based on the constant
density model (dashes),
the isothermal perfect gas
model (solid), and the
U.S. Standard
Atmosphere (circles).
Compressible Isentropic
P P1
constant T P
1 y
1
T1 P1
Cp
Cv
1
1 gMz 1 gMz
P2 P1 1 T2 T1 1
RT1 RT1
Constant Density Fluid in
Rigid Rotation
When a rigid body rotation is achieved in a fluid, all shear
stresses vanish, and there is no deformation of fluid
elements. The fluid is at rest relative to the rotating
container with a hydrostatic pressure distribution.
Free surface
concrete=2.5 water
y
40 m
30 m
First, calculate the weight of the dam (per unit width): W=Vg=(2.5)(1000)
(20)(40)(1)(9.8)=19.6106 (N)
The static pressure at a depth of y: P(y)=wgy
The total resultant force acting on the dam by the water pressure is:
h 30
h 2
R= P(y)dy= w gydy w g (1000)(9.8)(1 / 2)(30) 2 4.4 10 6 ( N )
0 2
20 m
Free surface
concrete=2.5 water
y
40 m
30 m
The resultant force, R, is acting at a depth h below the free surface so that
h3
h 30 w g
h3 3 2h 20( m)
Rh= P(y)ydy= ( w gy ) ydy w g y dy w g , h
2
0
3 R 3
Assume the load distribution under the dam is linear (it might not be linear if the soil
distribution is not uniform)
Therefore, the stress distribution can be written as
max min
(x)= min x
20
W
In order to reach equilibrium, both the sum of forces and
Free surface
the sum of moments have to balance to zero
The hydrostatic lift under the dam (as a result of the buoyancy induced by water seeping
under the dam structure) can induce as high as one half of the maximum
hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam and gradually decrease to zero at the other end.
1
That is lift ( w gh ) (0.5)(1000)(9.8)(30) 0.147 106 ( N )
2
Therefore, the effective compressive stress will only be 0.173(=0.32-0.147) 106 ( N ).