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wavelength ranges
Description of Fast fading distribution
Rayleigh distribution non line-of sight(NLOS) transmission
sending signal
strength
receiving signal
0 time
Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Interference dithering
0 2 3 +
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal
delay fading
-25dB
0dB
0 +
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal
Frequency
Frequencyoff-set
off-setcaused
causedbybythe
themovement
movementof mobile
ofmobile
that
thatis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect
Content
C
C == Blog
Blog22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
MAT
HAM H Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MER
MATH
HAMMER
30 KHz
1.25 MHz
Spread Spectrum Principles
Despreadin
Spreading radio channel g
Noise
Transmitter Receiver
signal
signal
f0 f0 f
f
Before spreading After spreading
Sf Sf
f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading
Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered
TX RX
Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Spread Spectrum Principles
Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Mul +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum 0 Sum -2
Orthogonal Non-orthogonal
Orthogonal
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL MUL
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
-4 4 -1 1
Integral Judge
0 0
Direct spread technique
S1 S1xC1
W
Spreading
S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC
1
N
=S1 (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]x
C1xC2=0,
C2
C1,C2,orthogonal
=S2
Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Symbol
Data=010010 1
-1
Chip
Spreading code = Spreading
1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data code
Despreadin 1
g -1
Spreading code
1
-1
Data =
Spread signal
Spreading code
Characteristics of Spreading Communication
High anti-multi-path- interference capability
Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
Content
WCDMA W W C C D D M M AA W ? C C D D M M AA
TURBO T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
S P E A K Encoding S S P P E E A A K K
S S PPE E A? K K
Decoding
Content
unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity
disadvantage
Increase the processing delay
WCDMA W W C C D D M M AA WTSWTS
Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPE EAAK K DREDRE
M BAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both AOKAOK
continuous and non-continuous errors
WTS???
Decoding
W??CDDMMA? Deinterleaving ? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ?P?EAAKK
M ?AM BA
AOK?OK
Content
RF Transmitting
Symbol Chip
Data Spread Data
3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, -1, 1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Scrambling Code
WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random
binary sequence (PN code)
It has similar noise array character, seemingly random
but with regularity.
Can make the user data further random , strengthened
by scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication.
WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold
sequence
Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
Characteristic of Scrambling code
There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are
used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells
Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,
which are code 0 1 8191. They are divided
into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary
scrambling codes in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling
Codes 2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
18
(0..262142)
cch1 Air
Interface
Modulatio
cch 2 cscrambling n
cch 3
Cch spread code
Relative to service rate extended to 3.84Mchips/s
A kind of orthogonal code
Cscrambling scrambling code
Have no effect on signal bandwidth
downlink for identifier cell uplink identifier terminal
A pseudo-random sequence
Processing Gain
P
Processing Wc
Gain Processing Gain
Rb
Despreading
f
W Rb
Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0
Local PN code
Content