BILIK IONISASI

Ni Larasati KS, S.Pd, M.Si

 INTRODUCTION
A gas filled cavity (sensitive volume)
surrounded by a conductive outer wall and
having three electrodes:
Polarizing electrode: connected directly to the
power supply.
Collecting electrode: connected to ground
through the low impedance electrometer, to
measure the charge or current produced in the
chamber sensitive volume.
Guard electrode: directly grounded and serves
two purposes: defines the chamber sensitive
volume and prevents the measurement of
chamber leakage currents.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Measure the charge from the number ofion
pairscreated within the gas caused by incident
radiation
Electrodes are set at high negative voltage, so
that positive charge move upside, while the
negative charge move downside to the
collecting electrode
Types of ionization chamber:
Standard ion chamber
Timbel ion chamber
Farmer ion chamber
Plan paralel ion chamber
 INTRODUCTION
Factors affecting ion chamber reading:
Air temperature, pressure and humidity
The density of gas in the chamber is depend on the
temperature, pressure, and humidity around it
The change in gas density will affecting the charge
collected in the electrode
Applied chamber polarity
Under identical irradiation conditions the use of
polarizing potentials of opposite polarity in an
ionization chamber may yield different readings
If the polarity effect for a particular chamber is larger
than 3%, the chamber should not be used for
absolute dose measurement
 INTRODUCTION
Applied chamber voltage
The response of a given ionization chamber
depends on the voltage applied between
electrodes of the chamber
The charges produced in the chamber by radiation
may differ from the charges that are actually
collected
Charge losses in the chamber are caused by ion
recombination
Excess charges are caused by charge multiplication
and electrical breakdown.
Both charge recombination and charge
multiplication are influenced by the potential
applied to the ionization chamber.
Ideal voltage: 200-400 V
 INTRODUCTION
Chamber leakage currents
Three types of leakage: Intrinsic (dark) leakage
currents, radiation induced leakage currents,
mechanical stress induced currents
Their effects on the true radiation induced
currents are minimized with guard electrodes,
low noise triaxial cables and sophisticated
electrometers.
Chamber stem effects
Irradiating the chamber stem results in a
different type of leakage current
scattered radiation in the stem that reaches the
chamber volume
STANDARD ION CHAMBER
 STANDARD ION CHAMBER
Also called free-air chamber
The plate system inside the box consists of three
coplanar plates on one side of the beam and a
parallel high-voltage plate opposite. The plates are
all parallel to the x-ray beam axis
P = sensitive volume
In CPE condition, all the electron collected were
produced in P
To create CPE in P,
The distance from P to D should be larger than electron
range
The distance from P to electrodes also should be larger
than electron range
 STANDARD ION CHAMBER
The size of standard ion chamber
usually huge, depend on the electron
range.
For example 3 MeV photon can
produce electron with range of 1.5 m.
Because of its size, standard ion
chamber is not portable, only used is
PSDL to calibrate other dosimeter
 THIMBEL ION CHAMBER

The design is resemble a thimble (bidal)

Consist of a solid envelope surrounding a gas filled
cavity in which an electric field is established to
collect the ions formed by radiation
Gas volumes of 0.1-3 cm are the most common
forms.
 THIMBEL ION CHAMBER
Typically have an internal length no
greater than 25 mm and an internal
diameter no greater than 7 mm.
The wall material is a solid of low atomic
number Z (i.e. tissue or air equivalent),
with the thickness less than 0.1 g/cm.
A chamber is equipped with a buildup cap
with a thickness of about 0.5 g/cm for
calibration free in air using Co60 radiation.
 THIMBEL ION CHAMBER
The sensitive volume should be in CPE
condition too
The solid thimble wall will provide an
enough medium to attenuate electron,
so, although the chamber size is not as
long as electron range, CPE still exist
To measure high energy foton, the wall
can be thicken by adding build up cap
 FARMER ION CHAMBER

Type of thimble chamber that mostly used

Cylindrical chamber
The volume sensitive is about 0.6 cm
The chamber length is 24 mm
Can be used in measurement using liquid water phantom
 PLANE PARALEL ION
CHAMBER
Consists of two plane walls, one serving as
an entry window and polarizing electrode
and the other as the back wall and collecting
electrode, as well as a guard ring system.
The back wall is usually a block of
conducting plastic or a non-conducting
material (usually Perspex or polystyrene)
with a thin conducting layer of graphite
forming the collecting electrode and the
guard ring system on top
PLANE PARALEL ION
CHAMBER
 PLANE PARALEL ION
CHAMBER
The sensitive volume is 0,35 mm
Used for dosimetry of electron beams with
energies below 10 MeV.
Because of its shape, this chamber is not
suitable for measurement in liquid water
phantom
 EXTRAPOLATION CHAMBER
Parallel-plate chambers with a variable
sensitive volume.
Used in the measurement of surface
doses and build up region in medium
to high energy X-ray, and dosimetry of
low enery X-ray and electron
Equipped with a piston so the distance
between 2 electrodes (also the
sensitive volume) can be changed
EXTRAPOLATION CHAMBER
BRACHYTHERAPY ION
CHAMBER
ION CHAMBER &
ELECTROMETER
MEASUREMENT USING ION
CHAMBER
MEASUREMENT USING ION
CHAMBER
 ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
USING ION CHAMBER
All dosimetry protocols aim at determination of the
quantity absorbed dose to water.

Q0 = quality/energy used in ion chamber calibration at

PSDL/SSDL
Q = quality/energy used in measurement
Dw,Q0 = absorbed dose to water
MQ0 = dosimeter signal readout
ND,w,Q0 = dosimeter callibration coefficient
KQ,Q0 = correction factor of different Q
 ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
USING ION CHAMBER
Other correction factor:
Temperature and pressure
correction (Ktp)
T = 0C
P = 101,3 Pa

Polarity correction (Kpol)

M+ and M are the chamber
signals obtained under identical
irradiation conditions at positive
and negative chamber polarities,
respectively, M is the signal
obtained at the polarity used
ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
USING ION CHAMBER
Electrometer calibration correction
(Kelec)
Recombination correction (Ks)
 ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
USING ION CHAMBER
The dosimeter signal readout (MQ0)
should be corrected using correction
factors before, therefore: