Review of Previous Lecture- BOP

Concept and definition

Types- Simple and Complex
Characteristics: dynamic, not achieved automatically, aims at bringing
peace, power game of big states, balancer
Techniques: Alliances and Counter Alliances, Compensation, Partition,
Armament and Disarmament, Intervention and War, Divide and Rule,
Buffer state,
Benefits of BOP: maintaining and brining peace, preservation of
independence of smaller states, observing respect and obedience for
international law
Limitations/Criticism: encouraged war, states actions always aimed at
seeking power, Power is not increased through the techniques, BOP has
not been prevalent through out ages, Peace was disturbed by weaker
states, difficult to measure power, state can take side as they wish,
presence of a balancer
Conclusion
Diplomacy
Diplomacy
Usage of the term
Concept and Definition
Functions of Diplomats
Types of Diplomacy
Features of Traditional Diplomacy
Features of New Diplomacy
Comparison of Old and New diplomacy
Diplomatic Immunities
Termination of diplomatic missions
Diplomacy- some common perceptions
Speak softly and carry a big stick (T. Roosevelt)
Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way
that they ask for direction (Churchill)
Diplomacy is the art of saying the nastiest thing in the nicest way
(Nicolson)
Diplomacy is to give one and take ten (Twain)
Tail you lose, head I win
To say nothing when speaking is the art of diplomacy
Actions and words are separate
Diplomacy is lying for ones country.
Usage of the term- Diplomacy
Many meanings
In negative sense: deceiving, double standard, art of pleasing
all,
Related to Foreign policy and government stand,
Branch of Civil servants,
skill in the art of negotiation
Concept and Definition
The word is derived from two Greek words, diplo and ma
Diplo means fold into two and ma means object
A document for travel in public transportation, later it was used
for official documents consisting agreement between states
The person holding these documents were called diplomats

www.shutterstock.com/pic-63804130/stock-vector-art-of-diplomacy.html
Concept and Definition
Oxford dictionary: the management of international relations by
negotiation
Sir Earnest Satow: the application of intelligence and tact to the
conduct of official relations between the government of
independent states
Melissen: the mechanism of representation, communication and
negotiation through which states and other international actors
conduct their business.
de Magalhes: Diplomacy is an instrument of foreign policy for
the establishment and development of peaceful contacts
between the government of different states through the use of
intermediaries mutually recognized by respective parties
Function of Diplomats
According to Palmer and Perkins, 4 functions
1. Representation
2. Negotiation
3. Reporting
4. Protection of national interests and citizens
Functions of Diplomats
1. Representation: A diplomat is formal representative of sending
state in receiving state.
. Act as agent between his foreign office and receiving state
. Must keep good social relations and contact with government
officials, influential people, organizations, other fellow diplomats
from other countries etc.
. Give visa to people desirous of visiting his state
2. Negotiation: Diplomats are good negotiator
. negotiation on various types of social, economic, political and
cultural issues and problems
. Involve in bilateral, multilateral arrangements, protocols, treaties
etc.
Functions of Diplomats
3. Reporting: Diplomats are also good reporter
Keep an eye on all developments in host country from minute to
large scale
E.g. Political issues, legislative functions, market condition,
public opinion, labor problems, natural resources, media
coverage etc.
Observe, analyze and then report to his respective government
The reports help the sending state to adjust its foreign policies
accordingly
4. Protection of national interests and citizens
Protection and promotion of his state interests through friendly
relations with all important stakeholders and political circles
Protect his nationals and provide them all legal and other kind of
assistance when confronted with problem
Types of Diplomacy
Two categories
Traditional
Modern
Traditional Diplomacy
Started after peace of Westphalia 1648 as NSS emerged
Continued till end of 19th century mostly in Europe
Declined due to development in communication technology,
development of socio-economic and political institutions
Features of Traditional Diplomacy
1. Was confined to Europe and to a few big European powers
2. England, France, Austria-Hungary, Prussia, Spain. The
countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America were mostly colonies
and USA was following a policy of isolation.
3. The traditional diplomacy did not include the small states as
they were treated like pawn in a chess game. While, the major
powers have a greater responsibility for ensuring world peace.
4. Diplomatic service was taken as a profession and specific
training and standards were developed for diplomatic officials.
The diplomats were regarded important for world peace.
5. It was secret. The public would not know about negotiations.
settlement and moment of threats. The diplomats would
conduct negotiations secretly with greater freedom and then
convey the decision to their governments.
The New Diplomacy
Started in the beginning of 20th century because :
Traditional diplomacy was conducted when the states were ruled
by monarchs/princes. The power was with the ruler and people
had no say in international affairs. The ruler would pursue
diplomatic relations for royal benefit and interests.
By the end of 19th century, the popular governments gained
strength in Europe and the people were interested and
concerned in foreign affairs.
The focus shifted from royal interest to peoples interest.
Diplomacy became open and people were taken into confidence
on various matters to get popular support
 The advancement in communication technologies (aero planes,
telephone, telegraphs) reduced the role of diplomatic freedom
and made them dependent on their foreign office for guidance.
Diplomats become Dignified Clerks

http://www.lepoint.fr/livres/quai-d-orsay-des-diplomates-en-folie-06-12-2011-
1404378_37.php
Features of New Diplomacy
1. Greater Openness
2. Multilateral Diplomacy
3. Personal or Summit Diplomacy
Features of New Diplomacy
1. Greater Openness
. No more secret treaties, pacts, negotiations because it gives rise
to suspicion and fear of conflict
. Foreign policy and negotiations is open
. Supported by President Wilson of US
. The League of Nations and UN Charter also supported this
. Every treaty and international agreement must be registered
with UN secretariat and will be published
2. Multilateral Diplomacy
. Besides bilateral agreements, multi-lateral diplomacy is
introduced
. Peace of Westphalia (1648) was also multilateral.
Features of New Diplomacy cont.
Due to advancement of technology and growing international
interaction, problems have assumed international character
Thus different states conduct multilateral negotiations and
diplomatic conferences to deal with issues of mutual interests
such as regional peace, trade, environment, education etc.
The UN also help in arranging multilateral negotiations through
conferences and seminars

3. Personal or Summit Diplomacy

Coined by Churchill, British PM after WWII
The foreign ministers, the heads of states or heads of
governments directly take part in negotiations
Even during WWII, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin and others
leaders would meet on various occasions
Summit Diplomacy cont.
Very common at present
OIC meetings, ECO meetings, SAARC, ASEAN, EU, Arab
League, Pak-India PM meetings etc.
The heads will directly talk on phone and talk major decisions on
the spot and thus saves time
If the talks between diplomats fail, people would not care much.
However, situation is more embarrassing if summit diplomacy
fails- creates frustration among people.
The real function of heads is to formulate policies and not to
negotiate which is the domain of diplomats.
Also, the heads are not technical and professional and thus may
not successfully negotiate as compared to diplomats who are
specialist and professional trained for the purpose.
Summit Diplomacy cont.
Summit diplomacy shall be conducted after the diplomacy at
lower level reaches a settlement. The heads could then meet to
guarantee their commitment for the settlement. And to give the
good news to public.

http://www.democracyarsenal.org/2009/09/g20-g8-gx-options-for-future-summit-diplomacy.html
Summit Diplomacy cont
Dramatic breakthroughs can be made be leaders
themselves
Mutual confidences/friendships may develop among
leaders and lessening of tension e.g. PM of India and
Pakistan and exchange of gifts for families
Comparison of Old and New diplomacy
OLD Diplomacy New Diplomacy
Limited to European countries and Extends to all countries of the
politics world
Included only few major European Include all countries small or big
powers
The major powers were responsible All states are responsible for world
for world peace peace
Diplomats belong to aristocratic Diplomats belong to all section of
class having similar status and society (civil servants appointed
education. through tests)
Diplomacy was secret Diplomacy is open
Diplomats enjoyed more freedom Diplomats are dignified clerks and
in negotiation work under continuous instruction
and guidance from foreign office
The Rules of Effective Diplomacy
1. Be realistic in negotiation and making commitment
2. Be careful in what you say and give away
3. Understand the importance of language and words and their
implications
4. Seek common ground and identical interests
5. Be flexible
6. Listen carefully and understand the other side
7. Be patient in listening and acting
8. Leave avenues of retreat open and dont push yourself to
closed end

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 Options for Conducting Diplomacy

Below are the options available for conducting diplomacy.

1. Direct versus indirect negotiation (through some third party or

through media interviews, letters or spokes person)
2. High-level versus low-level
3. Using threat versus rewards to gain agreement (awarding
general amnesty vs. threat of war and punishment to Taliban)
4. Being precise versus being intentionally vague.
5. Communicating by word versus by deed (e.g. US insistence on
Pakistan to show and do more on terrorism than words)
6. Maximizing or minimizing a dispute

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Conclusion
Avoid the weakness of each of them and combining the positive
The task of negotiations be given to diplomatic officials
These talks be kept secret
One agreement is reached, then it shall be declared open and
publicized
The summit diplomacy will then strengthen the agreement
reached and ensure its observance
Diplomatic Immunities
Diplomats are given certain privileges and immunities. They are:
The premises of diplomatic missions, offices, house, vehicle is
immune from police search
The diplomat can not be arrested or detained for any civil or
criminal violation by the receiving state.
The diplomat can not be sue by receiving state in any court of
law. Only his home country can sue him/her.
Immunity from taxation under municipal law, income tax, custom
duty on goods imported for office and personal use.
Can use his country flag on his office, car and residence
Can move freely in the receiving country subject to security
threats and traffic rules.
Diplomatic Immunities
The immunities available to diplomats can be waived by sending
state through an expressed statements if involved in an act
The receiving state can also request the sending state to waive
the immunities because of some serious violation of law.
Termination of diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions are terminated because of:
1. Expiry of the duration of the diplomatic mission
2. Recall notice by the sending state
3. Declaring persona non-grata by the receiving state
4. Change or death of the head of receiving or sending state
5. Declaration of war between the two states
6. Merger or extinction of either sending or receiving state
7. Change in the rank of diplomatic officer
Summary
Usage of the term
Concept and Definition
Functions of Diplomats: Representation, Negotiation,
Reporting, Protection of national interests and citizens
Types of Diplomacy
Features of Traditional Diplomacy: Europe centered, ignore
weak states, more power, secret
Features of New Diplomacy: Greater Openness, Multilateral
Diplomacy, Personal or Summit Diplomacy
Comparison of Old and New diplomacy
OLD Diplomacy
Limited to European countries and
politics
Included only few major European
powers
The major powers were responsible for
world peace
Diplomats belong to aristocratic class
having similar status and education.
Diplomacy was secret
Diplomats enjoyed more freedom in
negotiation
. Diplomatic Immunities
. Termination of diplomatic missions
New Diplomacy
Extends to all countries of the world
Include all countries small or big
All states are responsible for world
peace
Diplomats belong to all section of
society (civil servants appointed through
tests)
Diplomacy is open
Diplomats are dignified clerks and work
under continuous instruction and
guidance from foreign office
Review Questions
Q. What is meant by diplomacy?
Q. Discuss the functions of diplomacy.
Q. Explain the two types of diplomacy.
Q. Discuss the main features of traditional diplomacy.
Q. Discuss the main features of new diplomacy.
Q. Mention some of the diplomatic immunities at present.
Q. In what ways are diplomatic missions terminated?