Unit 1 Functions and Relations

 1-1 Number Theory

 Number Systems
 Rational and Irrational Numbers
 1-2 Functions and Linear Graphs
 Functions and Function Notation
 1-1 and Onto
 Graphing
 1-3 Equations and Inequalities
 Solving Linear and Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
 Solving for a Variable
1-1 Number Theory

Unit 1 Functions and Relations

Concepts and Objectives
 Number Theory (Obj. #1)
 Identify subsets of real numbers
 Simplify expressions using order of operations
 Identify real number axioms

 Rational Numbers (Obj. #2)

 Convert between fractions and decimals
Number Systems
 What we currently know as the set of real numbers was
only formulated around 1879. We usually present this
as sets of numbers.
Number Systems
 The set of natural numbers () and the set of integers ()
have been around since ancient times, probably
prompted by the need to maintain trade accounts.
Ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, also used
ratios to compare quantities.
 One of the greatest mathematical advances was the
introduction of the number 0.
Properties of Real Numbers
For all real numbers a, b, and c:
 Closure Property  Identity Property
 a+b  a+0=a
 ab    a1=a
 Commutative Property  Inverse Property
 a+b=b+a  a + (–a) = 0
 ab = ba 1
 a =1
 a
Associative Property
 Distributive Property
 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
 a(b + c) = ab + ac
 (ab)c = a(bc)
Properties of Real Numbers
 The properties are also called axioms.
 0 is called the additive identity and 1 is called the
multiplicative identity.
 Notice the relationships between the identities and the
inverses (called the additive inverse and the
multiplicative inverse).
 Saying that a set is “closed” under an operation (such as
multiplication) means that performing that operation on
numbers in the set will always produce an answer that is
also in the set – there are no answers outside the set.
Properties of Real Numbers
 Examples
 The set of natural numbers () is not closed under the
operation of subtraction. Why?

 –20  5 = –4. Does this show that the set of integers is

closed under division?
Properties of Real Numbers
 Examples
 The set of natural numbers () is not closed under the
operation of subtraction. Why?
 5 – 7 = –2, which is not in .

 –20  5 = –4. Does this show that the set of integers is

closed under division?
 No. Any division that has a remainder is not in .
Order of Operations
 Parentheses (or other grouping symbols, such as square
brackets or fraction bars) – start with the innermost set,
following the sequence below, and work outward.
 Exponents
 Multiplication
 Division working from left to right
 Addition

working from left to right
Subtraction
Order of Operations
 Use order of operations to explain why
 3  32
2

 We can think of –3 as being –1  3. Therefore we have

 
2
1  3   1  32

It should be easier now to see that on the left side we

multiply first and then apply the exponent, and on the
right side, we apply the exponent and then multiply.
Order of Operations
Work the following examples without using your calculator.

1. 2  5  12  3

4  9  8    7   2
3
2.

8   4   6   12
3.
4   3
Order of Operations
Work the following examples without using your calculator.

1. 2  5  12  3 1. –6

4  9  8    7   2
3
2. 2. –60

8   4   6   12 6
3. 3. 
4   3 7
Absolute Value
 The absolute value of a real number a, denoted by |a|, is
the distance from 0 to a on the number line. This
distance is always taken to be nonnegative.

x if x  0
x 
 x if x  0
Absolute Value Properties
For all real numbers a and b:
1. a  0

2. a  a

3. a  b  ab

a a
4.  (b  0)
b b

5. ab  a  b
Absolute Value
 Example: Rewrite each expression without absolute
value bars.

1. 3 1

2. 2 

x
3. , if x  0
x
Absolute Value
 Example: Rewrite each expression without absolute
value bars.

1. 3 1 1. 3 1

2. 2  2.  – 2

x
3. , if x  0 3. –1
x
Rational Numbers
 The Greeks, specifically Pythagoras of Samos, originally
believed that the lengths of all segments in geometric
objects could be expressed as ratios of positive integers.
 A number is a rational number () if and only if it can be
expressed as the ratio (or quotient) of two integers.
 Rational numbers include decimals as well as fractions.
The definition does not require that a rational number
must be written as a quotient of two integers, only that it
can be.
Examples
 Example: Prove that the following numbers are
rational numbers by expressing them as ratios of
integers.

0.9
1. 2-4 4.
6.3

2. 64-½ 5. 20.3

4
3. 6. –5.4322986

Examples
 Example: Prove that the following numbers are
rational numbers by expressing them as ratios of
integers.

1 0.9 1
1. 2-4 4.
16 6.3 7
1 1 61
2. 64-½ 5. 20.3 20 
8 3 3
4 54322986
3. 4 6. –5.4322986 
 10000000
Irrational Numbers
 Unfortunately, the Pythagoreans themselves later
discovered that the side of a square and its diagonal
could not be expressed as a ratio of integers.

 Prove 2 is irrational.
Proof (by contradiction): Assume 2 is rational. This
means that there exist relatively prime integers a and b
such that
a a2
2  2 2
b b
2b2  a2 , therefore, a is even
Irrational Numbers
This means there is an integer j such that 2j=a.
2b   2 j 
2 2

2b2  4 j 2
b2  2 j 2  b is even
If a and b are both even, then they are not relatively
prime. This is a contradiction. Therefore, 2 is
irrational.

 Theorem: Let n be a positive integer. Then n is either

an integer or it is irrational.
Real Numbers
 The number line is a geometric model of the system of
real numbers. Rational numbers are thus fairly easy to
represent:

 What about irrational numbers? Consider the following:

y
(1,1)
1


-2 -1 1 2 x
2
-1
Real Numbers
 In this way, if an irrational number can be identified
with a length, we can find a point on the number line
corresponding to it.
 What this emphasizes is that the number line is
continuous—there are no gaps.
Intervals
Name of Inequality
Notation Number Line Representation
Interval Description
a b
finite, open
(a, b) a<x<b a b
a b
finite, closed
[a, b] axb
a b
a bb
finite, half-
open
(a, b] a<xb a b
[a, b) ax<b
a b
a b
infinite, open
(a, ) a < x < 
a
(-, b) - < x < b
b
a b
infinite,
closed
[a, ) a  x < 
a
[-, b] -< x  b
b
Finite and Repeating Decimals
 If a nonnegative real number x can be expressed as a
finite sum of of the form
d1 d2 dt
x  D   2  ...  t
10 10 10
where D and each dn are nonnegative integers and
0  dn  9 for n = 1, 2, …, t, then D.d1d2…dt is the finite
decimal representing x.
Finite and Repeating Decimals
 If the decimal representation of a rational number does
not terminate, then the decimal is periodic (or
repeating). The repeating string of numbers is called the
period of the decimal.

a
It turns out that for a rational number where b > 0,
the period is at most b – 1. b
Finite and Repeating Decimals

 Example: Use long division (yes, long division) to find

462
the decimal representation of 13 and find its period.

What is the period of this decimal?

Finite and Repeating Decimals

 Example: Use long division (yes, long division) to find

462
the decimal representation of 13 and find its period.

462
 35.538461
13

What is the period of this decimal? 6

Finite and Repeating Decimals
 The repeating portion of a decimal does not necessarily
start right after the decimal point. A decimal which
starts repeating after the decimal point is called a
simple-periodic decimal; one which starts later is called a
delayed-periodic decimal.

Type of Decimal Examples General Form

terminating 0.5, 0.25, 0.2, 0.125, 0.0625 0.d1 d2 d3 ...dt ( dt  0)

simple-periodic 0.3, 0.142857, 0.1, 0.09, 0.076923 0.d1 d2 d3 ...dp

delayed-periodic 0.16, 0.083, 0.0714285, 0.06 0.d1 d2 d3 ...dt dt 1 dt  2 dt 3 ...dt  p

Decimal Representation
 If we know the fraction, it’s fairly straightforward
(although sometimes tedious) to find its decimal
representation. What about going the other direction?
How do we find the fraction from the decimal, especially
if it repeats?
 We’ve already seen how to represent a terminating
decimal as the sum of powers of ten. More generally, we
can state that the decimal 0.d1d2d3…dt can be written as
M
, where M is the integer d1d2d3…dt.
10t
Decimal Representation
 For simple-periodic decimals, the “trick” is to turn them
into fractions with the same number of 9s in the
denominator as there are repeating digits and simplify:

3 1 9 1 153846 2
0.3   0.09   0.153846  
9 3 99 11 999999 13

To put this more generally, the decimal 0.d1d2d3 ...dp

M
can be written as the fraction , where M is the
10  1
p

integer d1d2d3…dp.
Decimal Representation
 For delayed-periodic decimals, the process is a little
more complicated. Consider the following:

1
What is the decimal representation of ? 0.083
12
1 1 1
is the product of what two fractions? 
12 4 3

Notice that the decimal representation has

characteristics of each factor.
Decimal Representation
 It turns out you can break a delayed-periodic decimal
into a product of terminating and simple-periodic
decimals, so the general form is also a product of the
general forms:

The decimal 0.d1d2d3 ...dt dt 1dt 2dt 3 ...dt  p can be written

N
 
as the fraction 10t 10p  1 , where N is the integer

d1d2d3…dtdt+1dt+2dt+3…dt+p – d1d2d3…dt .
Decimal Representation
 Example: Convert the decimal 0.467988654 to a
fraction.
Decimal Representation
 Example: Convert the decimal 0.467988654 to a
fraction.
467988654  467 467988187
0.467988654  
3 6

10 10  1 
999999000

It’s possible this might reduce, but we can see that there
are no obvious common factors (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10),
so it’s okay to leave it like this.