Lecture 21 Splices

and Shear
February 5, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Spice
Shear

Shear Design
Bar Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans
Types of Splices
1. Butted &Welded Must develop 125%
of yield strength
2. Mechanical Connectors
3. Lay Splices
Tension Lap Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans
Types of Splices
1. Contact Splice
2. Non Contact Spice (distance 6 and 1/5
splice length)
Splice length is the distance the two bars are
overlapped.
Types of Splices
Class A Spice (ACI 12.15.2)
As provided
When 2 over entire splice
As req'd length.
and 1/2 or less of total reinforcement is
spliced win the reqd lay length.
Types of Splices
Class B Spice (ACI 12.15.2)

All tension lay splices not meeting

requirements of Class A Splices
 Tension Lap Splice
(ACI 12.15)

where As (reqd) = determined for bending

ld = development length for bars (not
allowed to use excess reinforcement
modification factor)
ld must be greater than or equal to 12 in.
 Tension Lap Splice (ACI
12.15)

Lap Spices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11.
(ACI 12.14.2)
Lap Spices should be placed in away from regions of
high tensile stresses -locate near points of inflection
(ACI 12.15.1)
Compression Lap Splice
(ACI 12.16.1)

Lap, reqd = 0.0005fy db for fy < 60000 psi

Lap, reqd = (0.0009fy -24) db for fy
> 60000 psi Lap, reqd 12 in

For fc 3000 psi, required lap splice shall be multiply
by (4/3) (ACI 12.16.1)
Compression Lap Splice
(ACI 12.17)
In tied column splices with effective tie area throughout
splice length 0.0015 hs factor = 0.83
In spiral column splices, factor = 0.75 But final splice
length 12 in.
Example Splice
Tension
Calculate the lap-splice length for 6 #8 tension
bottom bars in two rows with clear spacing 2.5 in.
and a clear cover, 1.5 in., for the following cases

a. When 3 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) >2

b. When 4 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) < 2
c. When all bars are spliced at the same location. f c=
5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example Splice
Tension
For #8 bars, db =1.0 in. and = ? =? = ? =?

ld 3 f y

d b 40 f c c K tr
d
b
Example Splice
Tension
The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class ? splice applies;

The As(provided) /As(required) < 2, class ? splice applies;

Example Splice
Compression
Calculate the lap splice length for a # 10
compression bar in tied column when fc= 5 ksi and
when a) fy = 60 ksi and b) fy = 80 ksi
Example Splice
Compression
For #10 bars, db =? in.

ld 0.02 f y
0.003 f y
db fc

Check ls > 0.005 db fy

Example Splice
Compression
For #10 bars, db =? in. The ld = 2? in.
Check ls > (0.0009 fy 24) db

So use ls = ? in.
Shear Design
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
Look at the shear and
bending moment
diagrams. The acting
shear stress distribution
on the beam.
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The acting stresses distributed across the
cross-section.

VQ

Ib
The shear stress
acting on the
rectangular beam.
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam
is given as:
bh 3
I Moment of Inertia
VQ 12
2
Ib bh h bh
Q max *
2 4 8
Note: The maximum 3 V
1st moment occurs at max * 1.5 ave
the neutral axis (NA).
2 bh
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ

Ib
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown
as:
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The shear stress acting along the beam can be described
with a stress block:

Using Mohrs circle, the stress block can be

manipulated to find the maximum shear and the crack
formation.
Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam
Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Flexural-shear crack -
Starts out as a flexural
crack and propagates due
to shear stress.
Flexural cracks in beams
are vertical
(perpendicular to the
tension face).
Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
For deep beam the cracks are given as:
The shear cracks Inclined (diagonal) intercept crack
with longitudinal bars plus vertical or inclined
reinforcement.
Inclined Cracking in
Reinforced Concrete
Beams
For deep beam the cracks
are given as:

The shear cracks fail due

two modes:
- shear-tension failure
- shear-
compression failure
Shear Strength of RC Beams
without Web Reinforcement
Total Resistance = vcz + vay + vd (when no stirrups are used)

vcz - shear in compression

zone
va - Aggregate Interlock
forces
vd = Dowel action from
longitudinal bars
Note: vcz increases from
(V/bd) to (V/by) as crack
forms.
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)

(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined

cracking load
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, w
As
w restrains cracks
bw d
for 0.0075 w 0.0025 : Vc 2 f cbw d
 Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))

a Deep shear spans

2 more detail design
d required
a
2 Ratio has little
d effect
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(4) Size of Beam
Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at
inclined cracking
Strength of Concrete in
Shear (No Shear
Reinforcement)
(5) Axial Forces
- Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load
- Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking
load (Delays flexural
cracking)
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement
Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed.
(desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure
is brittle)
- Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from
widening
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement
Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted uncracked
concrete.
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd

Vcz Shear in compression zone

Vay Vertical component of Aggregate Interlock force
Vd Dowl Action from longitudinal bars.
Function and Strength of
Web Reinforcement
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by
vcz, vay, vd and vs

Vs increases as cracks
widen until yielding of
stirrups then stirrups
provide constant
resistance.
Designing to Resist
Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn Vu
capacity demand
Vu factored shear force at section
Vn Nominal Shear Strength
0.75 shear strength reduction factor
Designing to Resist
Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn Vc Vs

Vc Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete

Vs Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcement

Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending only
Simple formula Vc 2 f c bw d
Eqn [11.3]
3.5 f c bw d

More detailed V d
u
Vc 1.9 f c 2500 w b d
Note:
w

V d Mu
u 1
Eqn [11.5]
3.5 f c bw d
Mu
Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete
Bending and Axial Compression
Simple formula

Nu
Vc 2 1 f c bw d
Nu is positive for 2000 A
g Eqn [11.4]
compression and Nu/Ag
are in psi. Nu
3.5 f c bw d 1
500 Ag
Eqn [11.7]
 Typical Shear
Reinforcement
Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of members
(minimum labor - more material)
Av f y d sin cos
Vs
s
ACI Eqn 11-15
Av f y d
90 Vs
o

s
 Typical Shear
Reinforcement
Bent Bars (more labor - minimum material) see reqd
in 11.5.6
Av f y d sin cos
Vs
s
ACI 11-5.6
1.41Av f y d
45 Vs
o

s
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements
Vs based on assumption stirrups yield
Stirrups must be well anchored.
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements
Refer to Sec. 12.13 of ACI 318 for development of web
reinforcement. Requirements:
each bend must enclose a long bar
# 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o
#6, #7,#8( fy = 40 ksi )
#6, #7,#8 ( fy > 40 ksi ) standard hook plus a
minimum embedment
Stirrup Anchorage
Requirements

Also sec. 7.10 requirement for minimum stirrups

in beams with compression reinforcement,
beams subject to stress reversals, or beams
subject to torsion
Design Procedure for
Shear
(1) Calculate Vu
(2) Calculate Vc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)
(3) Check
1 If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4)
Vu Vc
2 If no, done.
Design Procedure for
Shear
1
(4) If Vc Vu Vc Provide minimum
2 shear reinforcement

bw s Av f ys
Av min 50 or smax for min Av
fy 50bw

Also: d
smax 24" 11.5.4
(Done) 2
Design Procedure for
Shear
(5) If Vu Vc , calulate Vs (req' d)
Vu Vn Vc Vs
Vu
Vs Vu Vc Vs Vc

Check:
Vs 8 f c bw d otherwise, illegal 11.5.4
Design Procedure for
Shear
(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength)
Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups

Av f ys d
s from 11-15

Vs
Design Procedure for
Shear
(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)

Av f ys
smax
50bw
Design Procedure for
Shear
(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)
d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 24"
2
d
If Vs 4 f c bw d smax 12"
4
Note : If Vs 8 f c bw d illegal
Design Procedure for
Shear
(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8

Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup

spacing is 4 inches.
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design
Non-pre-stressed members:
Sections located less than a distance d from face of
support may be designed for same shear, Vu, as the
computed at a distance d.

Compression fan
carries load directly
into support.
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design
When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression
into the end regions of the member.
2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from
face of support .
Location of Maximum Shear
for Beam Design

Compression from support at bottom of

beam tends to close crack at support
Homework
Determine the development length required for the bars
shown . fc =4-ksi and fy = 60-ksi. Check the anchorage
in the column. If it is not satisfactory, design an
anchorage using a 180o hook and check adequacy.
Homework
Considering the anchorage of the beam bars into a
column, determine the largest bar that can be used with
out a hook. fc = 3-ksi and fy= 40ksi
Homework
A simple supported uniformly loaded beam carries a
total factored design load of 4.8 k/ft (including self-
weight) on a clear span of 34 ft. fc =3 ksi and fy=40 ksi.
Assume that the supports are 12 in wide and assume
that the bars are available in 30 ft lengths.
Design a rectangular beam
Determine bar cutoffs.
Locate splices and determine the lap length.