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DEFINITION
Derived from the Greek word
logos which means - study,
reason or discourse
- it is a SCIENCE because it is a
systematized body of logical truths
and principles governing correct
- as an ART, logic is a
techne and it teaches how to
make a good argument
- often called the arts of arts
because it develops and
perfects the intellect which all
artists need in their work
LOGIC AND CORRECT THINKING
It is correct when it conforms to a
pattern or to rules
Example: A ruler is 12-inch long
probability
CONCEPTS AND TERMS
The three essential operations of the
intellect
Mental Products External Signs
Operations
1. SIMPLE CONCEPT ORAL AND
APPREHENSION WRITTEN TERMS
2.JUDGMENT MENTAL ORAL AND
PROPOSITION WRITTEN
PROPOSITIONS
3. REASONING MENTAL ORAL AND
AGREEMENT WRITTEN
OR ARGUMENTS
DISAGREEME
NT
CONCEPT
2.
3.
4.
5.
ASSIGNMENT #2
Underline the simple subject of each
proposition then classify according
to the four kinds of concepts in the
column below:
1. Love is a many-splendored thing.
2. Love is the theme of the
homily.
3. The loving couple is a model to
their children.
4. Hope is the opposite of despair.
THE TERM
The external representation of a
concept and the ultimate structural
element of a proposition.
EXAMPLE:
Hilda is a (nun).
subjec predica
t te
PROPERTIES OF A TERM
EXTENSION OF A TERM
the sum total of the particulars to
which the comprehension of a
concept can be applied
The denotation of a term
COMPREHENSION OF A TERM
- the sum total of all notes which
constitute the meaning of a
concept
- set of traits or characteristics that
differentiates the term in a group
- the connotation of a term
PROPERTIES OF A TERM
Example is the term BAT
-for its extension it will include all
animals, regardless of size, shape,
colour, or breeding
-further analysis (comprehension), know
the nature of bats how?
- You must try to state the trait or set of
traits and characteristics that
differentiates bats from the rest of the
animal kingdom
PROPERTIES OF A TERM
Example is the term BAT
-the important common trait of bats
is: they are the only mammals
capable of sustained flight like a
bird
- Unlike birds, bats are able to fly
5. I am using Colgate.
SEATWORK #5
tense is or is not
EXAMPLE
QUANTIT QUALITY
Y AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
UNIVERS A E
AL, Every S is P. No S is P.
SINGULA
R
PARTICU I O
EXAMPLES
A PROPOSITION
PREDICA
TE
SUBJE
CT
E PROPOSITION
SUBJE PREDICA
CT TE
I PROPOSITION
SUBJEC PREDICA
T TE
O PROPOSITION
SUBJEC PREDICA
T TE
LOGICAL FORM
WAYS OF REWRITING PROPOSITION
TO ITS LOGICAL FORM
1. Change the verb to its present
tense progressive.
2. Change the verb to a noun.
Example:
E- No students are girls, therefore,
A - every students are girls.
RULES:
Example:
E- No students are girls is false [
F ], therefore,
SUBCONTRARY
1 pair
I O: Some S is P, therefore
some S is not P.
or
O I: Some S is not P, therefore
some S is P.
EXAMPLE:
I - Some students are girls,
therefore
RULES:
EXAMPLE:
I - Some students are girls is true
[ T ], therefore
O - some students are not girls is
doubtful [ ? ].
SUBALTERNS
2 pairs
1. A I: Every S is P, therefore
some S is P.
I A: Some S is P, therefore
every S is P.
2. E O: No S is P, therefore some
S is not P.
EXAMPLE