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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY

ENGINEERING

WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT

Submitted To: Submitted By:


Engr. Angela V. Lasala-Isarael AGUILAR, JESHEVEL
ALMARIO, MELODY P.
DE VERA, MELODY GRACE
DEVERA, JUMAR ANTHONY V.
NILOOBAN, JANINE
RAFALLO, FHILJUN
OUTLINE

1.Introduction
2.Sewer Pipes
3.Drainage System
4.Flood
5.Organic and inorganic
Pollutants
6.Effects of Wastewater
INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is any water that has been
adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid
waste discharged by domestic residences,
commercial properties, industry, and/or
agriculture and can encompass a wide
range of potential contaminants and
concentrations. In the most common usage,
it refers to the municipal wastewater that
contains a broad spectrum of contaminants
resulting from the mixing of wastewaters
from different sources.
Sewage is correctly the subset of wastewater that
is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often
used to mean any waste water. "Sewage" includes
domestic, municipal, or industrial
liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a
pipe or sewer or similar structure, sometimes in a
cesspool emptier.

The physical infrastructure, including pipes,


pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey
sewage from its origin to the point of eventual
treatment or disposal is termed sewerage.
SEWER PIPES

•TYPES
Kinds of Sewer Pipes
• Clay Pipes
- Are made from clay.
The clay is grounded,
mixed with water,
molded into shape
and size, dried and
burned in a kiln at a
high temperature.
• Plain Concrete Sewer
Pipes
- Are used for small
sewers.
• Reinforced Concrete Sewer
Pipes
- These are made up of rings
and longitudinal reinforcement
that used to hold the rings in
place to prevent transverse
cracks.
• Asbestos – Cement Pipes
- This type has favorable
crushing strength with other
type of pipe. Its advantage
includes the reduce infiltration
in small pipe. It also makes
installation easier because it is
light weight.
• Cast – Iron Pipe
• This type is commonly
used in pumping station
and discharge lines.

• Corrugated – Steel Pipes


• - Commonly used in
storm sewers. It is made
up of varying metal thick
Wastewater Management:
Gases in Sewers and
The Primary Treatment Process
GASES IN SEWERS
Sewer gas is fundamentally methane gas, but in reality a
complex mixture of toxic and non-toxic gases produced
and collected in sewage system by the decomposition
of organic household or industrial wastes. It is a
generic name for the collection of gases and airborne
agents that often accompany sewage and the natural
processes and reactions associated with sewage
processing and the decomposition of organic materials.
The major components of sewer gas can include:
nitrogen (N2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), biological
organisms, water vapor, and other chemicals
discharged to the effluent stream. The presence and
concentration of any of these components can vary
with time, composition of the sewage, temperature, and
pH.
Nitrogen accounts for about 78% of the earth's
atmosphere, and generally is not released from
normally expected sewage reactions. It is not generated
from the sewage, but its concentration in sewer gas
may be effectively increased by the removal or
consumption of oxygen through other means (i.e.,
rusting, other forms of oxidation or biological activity).

Ammonia has a distinct, strong odor with good warning


characteristics which are present well before attaining
toxic levels. Exposure to elevated levels of ammonia
also may act as an eye and mucus membrane irritant. It
is unlikely that acutely toxic levels of this material would
be present from common sewage reactions.
Hydrogen sulfide is formed by biological and chemical
processes in the liquid phase and is released to the
headspace above the solution; its concentration in the gas
phase is dependent upon its concentration in the liquid
phase and ambient equilibrium conditions. At non-toxic
levels, H2S has the familiar odor of rotten eggs. At acutely
toxic levels, H2S quickly paralyzes an individual's ability to
detect its odor, and will rapidly render a victim
unconscious. Due to its relatively high toxic potential while
at dilute concentrations, and normally expected air
currents, the molecular gas density of H 2S is often of
secondary importance in predicting its movement or
stratification.3 H2S gas is also flammable at concentrations
which are well above toxic levels (Lower Explosive Limit
4.35%, Upper Explosive Limit 46%).
Carbon dioxide and methane have little or no odor
characteristics and have a saturated gas density
approximately 1.5 and 0.6 times that of air, respectively.
Their relative gas densities compared to air and
potential for elevated concentrations may cause some
gas stratification. Since both of these gases are
generated while in solution, there may be higher
concentrations at the liquid-air surface.

Methane is extremely flammable, has a wide explosive


range, and a low flash point. These characteristics result
in a substantial fire and explosion hazard. Methane will
also react with some oxidizers spontaneously. It is also
possible to have other flammable gases in sewers that
originate from spills and leaks of flammable liquids.
All of the above gases are colorless at the
concentrations commonly encountered in sewage
systems.

Natural biological organisms and pathogens from


sewage can become airborne, primarily through
agitation, or other physical actions on the
accompanying liquid, but generally these microbes
are short-lived when suspended in air.

Improper disposal of petroleum products such as


gasoline and mineral spirits contribute to sewer gas
hazards. Sewer gases are of concern due to their
odor, health effects, and potential for creating fire or
explosions.
Sewage gas in homes
Sewage gas is typically restricted from entering buildings
through plumbing traps that create a water seal at potential
points of entry. In addition, plumbing vents allow sewer
gases to be exhausted outdoors. Infrequently used plumbing
fixtures may allow sewer gas to enter a home due to
evaporation of water in the trap, especially in dry weather.
The result is the most common means of sewer gas entering
buildings, and can be solved easily by using the fixtures
regularly or adding water to their drains. One of the most
common traps to dry out are floor drains such as those
typically placed near home furnaces and water heaters.
Infrequently used utility sinks, tubs, showers, and restrooms
also are common culprits. Trap primers are available that
automatically add water to remote or little used traps such as
these. Blocked plumbing vents, typically at the roof, also can
cause water seals to fail via siphoning of the water.
Exposure to sewer gas also can happen if the gas seeps in
via a leaking plumbing drain or vent pipe, or even through
cracks in a building’s foundation. Sewer gas is typically
denser than atmospheric gases and may accumulate in
basements, but may eventually mix with surrounding air.
Individuals who work in sanitation industries or on farms
might be exposed on the job if they clean or maintain
municipal sewers, manure storage tanks, or septic tanks.

In buildings with HVAC air handlers that admit outside air


for ventilation, plumbing vents placed too closely to air
intakes or windows can be a source of sewer gas odors. In
some cases airflow around buildings and wind effects may
contribute to sewer gas odor problems even with
appropriately separated vents and air intakes. Increasing
vent heights, adding vent pipe filters, or providing powered
dilution and exhaust can help reduce occurrences.
Implications:

The materials which may occupy these locations may be


variable mixtures of liquids, gases and mists. There may
be little perceptible indication of decreased oxygen
levels; there may be no warning odors for the most toxic
gas; and there may be a possibility for a fire or explosion
hazard. Exposure to airborne biological contaminants
often requires the generation of mists containing these
materials.
Health Effect and Hazard Data

Sewer gas often has a “rotten egg” smell due to


the hydrogen sulfide content, which can be
detected by human olfactory senses in
concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Exposure to low levels of this chemical can irritate
the eyes, cause a cough or sore throat, shortness
of breath, and fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Prolonged low-level exposure may cause fatigue,
pneumonia, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability,
poor memory, and dizziness. High concentrations
of hydrogen sulfide (>150 ppm) can produce
olfactory fatigue, whereby the scent becomes
undetectable. At very high concentrations (>300
ppm), hydrogen sulfide can cause loss of
consciousness and death. See main article,
Hydrogen sulfide.
Also, more adverse health effects and hazards from
exposure to sewer gases are:

Poisoning from H2S, Asphyxiation from displaced or


consumed oxygen,
Decreased vigilance or fatigue due to reduced oxygen
levels (from CO2 and CH4),
Biological contamination, and
Fires and explosions from methane gas, H 2S or other
flammable gases.

 Carbon dioxide is a simple asphyxiant


(displaces oxygen) and a stimulant for the
respiratory system. A concentration of 5% may
produce headaches and shortness of breath.
Background concentrations of carbon dioxide in
air range from 300 to 400 ppm.
 Hydrogen sulfide has been reported as the
leading cause of sudden death in the work
place.4 At concentrations in air of approximately
300 ppm, H2S can be immediately deadly. It is
absorbed primarily through the lungs, but can
also be adsorbed to a limited extent through the
skin and mucous membranes. Chronic health
effects caused by repeated exposures have not
been established. Common symptoms to non-
acute exposure levels include eye irritation,
fatigue, headache, and dizziness.

 Methane is a simple asphyxiant (displaces


oxygen), but does not itself cause significant
physiological responses.
Greenhouse gas contribution
Fully-vented sewer gases contribute to
greenhouse gas emissions. Septic vent
pipes can be fitted with filters that remove
odors and reduce some greenhouse gas
emissions.
 
However, there is also some advantages
that these sewer gases do like, they can be
used as a power-source, thus reducing the
consumption of fossil fuels.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage treatment, or domestic
wastewater treatment, is the process
of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household sewage,
both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It
includes physical, chemical, and
biological processes to remove
physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. Its objective is to
produce a waste stream (or treated
effluent) and a solid waste or sludge
suitable for discharge or reuse back into
the environment. This material is often
inadvertently contaminated with many
toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
The objective of sewage treatment is to
produce a disposable effluent without
causing harm or trouble to the
communities and prevent pollution.
Process overview
Sewage can be treated close to where it is
created (in septic tanks, biofilters or
aerobic treatment systems), or collected
and transported via a network of pipes
and pump stations to a municipal
treatment plant. Sewage collection and
treatment is typically subject to local, state
and federal regulations and standards.
Industrial sources of wastewater often
require specialized treatment processes.
Conventional sewage treatment may
involve three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary
treatment consists of temporarily holding
the sewage in a quiescent basin where
heavy solids can settle to the bottom while
oil, grease and lighter solids float to the
surface. The settled and floating materials
are removed and the remaining liquid may
be discharged or subjected to secondary
treatment. Secondary treatment removes
dissolved and suspended biological matter.
Secondary treatment is typically performed by
indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a
managed habitat. Secondary treatment may
require a separation process to remove the micro-
organisms from the treated water prior to discharge
or tertiary treatment. Tertiary treatment is
sometimes defined as anything more than primary
and secondary treatment. Treated water is
sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for
example by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to
discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or
wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf
course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean,
it can also be used for groundwater recharge or
agricultural purposes.
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large-scale treatment
plant
Pre-treatment

Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily


collected from the raw wastewater before they damage
or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment
clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc).

Screening

The influent sewage water is strained to remove all large


objects carried in the sewage stream. This is most
commonly done with an automated mechanically raked
bar screen in modern plants serving large populations,
whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually
cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a
mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to
the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate.
The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or
incinerated.
Grit removal

Pre-treatment may
include a sand or grit
channel or chamber
where the velocity of
the incoming
wastewater is
carefully controlled to
allow sand, grit and
stones to settle.
Primary treatment
In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows
through large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers"
or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks are large
enough that sludge can settle and floating material such
as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be
skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary
sedimentation stage is to produce both a generally
homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically
and a sludge that can be separately treated or
processed. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped
with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive
the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the
tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge
treatment stages. Grease and oil from the floating
material can sometimes be recovered for saponification.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is designed to substantially
degrade the biological content of the sewage which are
derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and
detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the
settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological
processes. For this to be effective, the biota require
both oxygen and a substrate on which to live. There are
a number of ways in which this is done. In all these
methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume
biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g.
sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules,
etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into
floc. Secondary treatment systems are classified as:

fixed-film or
suspended-growth
Fixed-film OR attached growth system
treatment process including trickling filter and
rotating biological contactors where the biomass
grows on media and the sewage passes over its
surface.

In suspended-growth systems, such as activated


sludge, the biomass is well mixed with the sewage
and can be operated in a smaller space than
fixed-film systems that treat the same amount of
water. However, fixed-film systems are more able
to cope with drastic changes in the amount of
biological material and can provide higher removal
rates for organic material and suspended solids
than suspended growth systems.
Roughing filters are intended to treat
particularly strong or variable organic loads,
typically industrial, to allow them to then be
treated by conventional secondary treatment
processes. Characteristics include typically
tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic
filter media to which wastewater is applied at
a relatively high rate. They are designed to
allow high hydraulic loading and a high flow-
through of air. On larger installations, air is
forced through the media using blowers. The
resultant wastewater is usually within the
normal range for conventional treatment
processes.
Activated sludge

In general, activated sludge plants encompass a variety of


mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to
promote the growth of biological floc that substantially
removes organic material.
The process traps particulate material and can, under ideal
conditions, convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate and
ultimately to nitrogen gas.

Surface-aerated basins

Most biological oxidation processes for treating industrial


wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and
microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90%
removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand with retention times
of 1 to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to
5.0 metres and use motor-driven aerators floating on the
surface of the wastewater.
In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two
functions: they transfer air into the basins required by
the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the
mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting
the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and
microbes). Typically, the floating surface aerators are
rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to
2.7 kg O2/kW·h. However, they do not provide as good
mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge
systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve
the same performance level as activated sludge units.
Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to
temperature and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of
biological reactions increase with temperature. Most
surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and
32 °C.
Filter beds (oxidizing beds)

In older plants and plants receiving more variable loads,


trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor
is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up of coke
(carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated
plastic media. Such media must have high surface areas to
support the biofilms that form. The liquor is distributed
through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central
pivot. The distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is
collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a
source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it
aerobic. Biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form
on the media’s surfaces and eat or otherwise reduce the
organic content. This biofilm is grazed by insect larvae and
worms which help maintain an optimal thickness.
Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the film
leading to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the
surface.
Biological aerated filters

Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or


Biofilters combine filtration with biological carbon
reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually
includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The
media is either in suspension or supported by a
gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose
of this media is to support highly active biomass that
is attached to it and to filter suspended solids.
Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs
in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in a single
reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in anoxic
mode. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow
configuration depending on design specified by
manufacturer.
Membrane bioreactors

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combine activated sludge treatment with a


membrane liquid-solid separation process. The membrane component uses
low pressure microfiltration or ultra filtration membranes and eliminates the
need for clarification and tertiary filtration. The membranes are typically
immersed in the aeration tank; however, some applications utilize a separate
membrane tank. One of the key benefits of an MBR system is that it
effectively overcomes the limitations associated with poor settling of sludge in
conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. The technology permits
bioreactor operation with considerably higher mixed liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge settling.
The process is typically operated at MLSS in the range of 8,000–12,000 mg/L,
while CAS are operated in the range of 2,000–3,000 mg/L. The elevated
biomass concentration in the MBR process allows for very effective removal
of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading
rates. Thus increased Sludge Retention Times (SRTs) — usually exceeding
15 days — ensure complete nitrification even in extremely cold weather.
The cost of building and operating an MBR is
usually higher than conventional wastewater
treatment. Membrane filters can be blinded with
grease or abraded by suspended grit and lack a
clarifier's flexibility to pass peak flows. The
technology has become increasingly popular for
reliably pretreated waste streams and has gained
wider acceptance where infiltration and inflow have
been controlled, however, and the life-cycle costs
have been steadily decreasing. The small footprint
of MBR systems, and the high quality effluent
produced, make them particularly useful for water
reuse applications.

There are MBR plants being built throughout the


world, including North Librty, Iowa, Georgia, and
Canada.
Secondary sedimentation

The final step in the secondary treatment stage is to settle out the
biological floc or filter material and produce sewage water containing
very low levels of organic material and suspended matter.

Rotating biological contactors

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary


treatment systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding
surges in organic load. RBCs were first installed in Germany in 1960
and have since been developed and refined into a reliable operating
unit. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-
organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilise
organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both
oxygen to live and food to grow.
Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As
the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they
are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs
in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final
clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as a
sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further
treatment.

A functionally similar biological filtering system has become


popular as part of home aquarium filtration and purification. The
aquarium water is drawn up out of the tank and then cascaded
over a freely spinning corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before passing
through a media filter and back into the aquarium. The spinning
mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of microorganisms that
feed on the suspended wastes in the aquarium water and are also
exposed to the atmosphere as the wheel rotates. This is especially
good at removing waste urea and ammonia urinated into the
aquarium water by the fish and other animals.
Tertiary treatment
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final
treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is
discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river,
lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment
process may be used at any treatment plant. If
disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process.
It is also called "effluent polishing".

Filtration

Sand filtration removes much of the residual


suspended matter. Filtration over activated carbon
removes residual toxins.
Lagooning

Lagooning provides settlement and further biological


improvement through storage in large man-made ponds or
lagoons. These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by
native macrophytes, especially reeds, is often encouraged. Small
filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of
Rotifera greatly assist in treatment by removing fine particulates.

Constructed wetlands

Constructed wetlands include engineered reedbeds and a range


of similar methodologies, all of which provide a high degree of
aerobic biological improvement and can often be used instead of
secondary treatment for small communities, also see
phytoremediation. One example is a small reedbed used to clean
the drainage from the elephants' enclosure at Chester Zoo in
England.
Nutrient removal

Wastewater may contain high levels of the nutrients


nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the
environment can lead to a build up of nutrients, called
eutrophication, which can in turn encourage the
overgrowth of weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid
growth in the population of algae. The algae numbers are
unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The
decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much
of oxygen in the water that most or all of the animals die,
which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to
decompose. In addition to causing deoxygenation, some
algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking
water supplies. Different treatment processes are required
to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.
Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the
appropriate biological communities to form. It is facilitated
by a wide diversity of bacteria. Sand filters, lagooning and
reed beds can all be used to reduce nitrogen, but the
activated sludge process (if designed well) can do the job
the most easily. Since denitrification is the reduction of
nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an electron donor is needed. This
can be, depending on the wastewater, organic matter (from
faeces), sulfide, or an added donor like methanol.

Sometimes the conversion of toxic ammonia to nitrate


alone is referred to as tertiary treatment.

Many sewage treatment plants use axial flow pumps to


transfer the nitrified mixed liquor from the aeration zone to
the anoxic zone for denitrification. These pumps are often
referred to as Internal Mixed Liquor Recycle pumps (IMLR
pumps).
Phosphorus removal

Phosphorus removal is important as it is a limiting


nutrient for algae growth in many fresh water systems
(for negative effects of algae see Nutrient removal). It is
also particularly important for water reuse systems
where high phosphorus concentrations may lead to
fouling of downstream equipment such as reverse
osmosis.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a process


called enhanced biological phosphorus removal. In this
process, specific bacteria, called polyphosphate
accumulating organisms (PAOs), are selectively
enriched and accumulate large quantities of
phosphorus within their cells (up to 20% of their mass).
When the biomass enriched in these bacteria is separated
from the treated water, these biosolids have a high fertilizer
value.

Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical


precipitation, usually with salts of iron (e.g. ferric chloride),
aluminum (e.g. alum), or lime. This may lead to excessive
sludge productions as hydroxides precipitates and the
added chemicals can be expensive. Chemical phosphorus
removal requires significantly smaller equipment footprint
than biological removal, is easier to operate and is often
more reliable than biological phosphorus removal .

Once removed, phosphorus, in the form of a phosphate


rich sludge, may be stored in a land fill or resold for use in
fertilizer.
Disinfection

The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of wastewater is


to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the
water to be discharged back into the environment. The
effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the
water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of
disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage
(concentration and time), and other environmental variables.
Cloudy water will be treated less successfully since solid
matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light
or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times,
low doses and high flows all militate against effective
disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone,
chlorine, ultraviolet light, or sodium hypochlorite.
Chloramine, which is used for drinking water, is not used in
wastewater treatment because of its persistence.
Odor removal

Early stages of processing will tend to


produce smelly gasses, hydrogen sulfide
being most common in generating complaints
from nearby areas. Large process plants in
urban areas will often contain a foul air
removal tower, composed of air circulators, a
contact media with bio-slimes, and circulating
fluids to biologically capture and metabolize
the obnoxious gasses previously contained
by reactor enclosures.
Flood
Flood
• is an overflow or accumulation of an
expanse of water that submerges
land. In the sense of "flowing water",
the word may also be applied to the
inflow of the tide. Flooding may result
from the volume of water within a
body of water, such as a river or lake,
which overflows or breaks levees,
with the result that some of the water
escapes its usual boundaries.
Types of Flood

Flooding can be divided into different


categories according to their duration:

• 1. Slow-Onset Floods
• 2. Rapid-Onset Floods
• 3. Flash Floods
1. Slow-Onset Floods
• Slow-Onset Floods usually last for
a relatively longer period, it may
last for one or more weeks, or
even months. As this kind of flood
last for a long period, it can lead
to lose of stock, damage to
agricultural products, roads and
rail links.
2. Rapid-Onset Floods
• Rapid-Onset Floods last for a
relatively shorter period, they usually
last for one or two days only. Although
this kind of flood lasts for a shorter
period, it can cause more damages
and pose a greater risk to life and
property as people usually have less
time to take preventative action
during rapid-onset floods.
3. Flash Floods
• Flash Floods may occur within
minutes or a few hours after
heavy rainfall, tropical storm,
failure of dams or levees or
releases of ice jams. And it
causes the greatest damages to
society.
Flooding in
the
Philippines
Flooding can also be divided into
different categories according to their
location:

1.Coastal Floods
2. Arroyos Floods
3. River Floods
1. Coastal Floods
• Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal
areas. When there are hurricanes and tropical
storms which will produce heavy rains, or giant
tidal waves created by volcanoes or
earthquakes, ocean water may be driven onto
the coastal areas and cause coastal floods.
• Hurricanes and tropical storms can produce
heavy rains, or drive ocean water onto land.
Beaches and coastal houses can be swept away
by the water. Coastal flooding can also be
produced by sea waves called tsunamis, giant
tidal waves that are created by volcanoes or
earthquakes in the ocean. 
2. Arroyos Floods
• An arroyo is river which is normally dry. When
there are storms approaching these areas, fast-
moving river will normally form along the gully
and cause damages.
• An arroyo is a water-carved gully or a normally
dry creek found in arid or desert regions. When
storms appear in these areas, the rain water
cuts into the dry, dusty soil creating a small, fast-
moving river. Flash flooding in an arroyo can
occur in less than a minute, with enough power
to wash away sections of pavement. 
3. River Floods
• This is the most common type of
flooding. When the actual amount of
river flow is larger than the amount
that the channel can hold, river will
overflow its banks and flood the areas
alongside the river. And this may
cause by reasons like snow melt or
heavy spring rain.
4. Urban Floods
• In most of the urban area, roads are
usually paved. With heavy rain, the large
amount of rain water cannot be absorbed
into the ground and leads to urban floods.
• As undeveloped land is paved for parking
lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall.
Rain water can not be absorbed into the
ground and becomes runoff, filling parking
lots, making roads into rivers, and flooding
basements and businesses. 
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
and its Components
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- A pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes
in a particular watershed
- Governed by the topography of the land,
whether dominated by hard or soft rocks and
the gradient of the land
- ( in PLUMBING) all piping w/in the public or
private premises w/c conveys sewage, rain
water or other liquid wastes to a legal pit of
disposal
Example of Drainage System
Example of Drainage System
Example of Drainage System
Types of Drainage system
• Dendritic Drainage
System
- most common form
- consists of a main
river with own
tributaries
- from above, it looks
like a tree or a river
delta in reverse
Ex: Amazon River and
Mississippi River
Types of Drainage system
• Parallel Drainage System
-a pattern of rivers caused by
steep slopes with some relief
-because of steep slopes,
streams are swift and straight,
w/ very few tributaries
-regions with mountain ranges
usually have this drainage
system
Ex: rivers flowing southeast
from the Aberdare Mountains
Types of Drainage system
• Trellis Drainage System
- tends to occur where there
is strong structural control
over the streams as a result
of geology
- streams tend to run parallel
to structures in the bedrock
with minor tributaries
coming in at right angles.
Ex: Appalachian Mountains
Types of Drainage system
• Centripetal Drainage
System
- centripetal water movements
are result of geological
depressions and water
flowing across them

• Rectangular Drainage
System
- Arranged around faulted
ground
Types of Drainage system
• Annular Drainage
System
-Arranged in ring-shaped
patterns around a central
basin
• Deranged Drainage
System
-watersheds where there is
o no coherent pattern to the
rivers and lakes
-happens in areas where
there has been much
DRAINAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- Successful construction involves selecting the
appropriate materials for the collection,
conveyance and discharge requirements of the
system
- Attention to proper capacity and durability of
each drainage material is critical
- The performance of the system will be
improved by using good construction
techniques and by performing routine periodic
maintenance
Drainage Materials
1. Drainage Pipe
-available in rigid wall and
flexible wall lengths
-plastic pipes are usu. used
based on cost, ease or
installation and availability
-walls of pipe vary from thin
and corrugated to thick and
solid
-each has degree of
flexibility over the length
Drainage Materials
1. Drainage Pipe
• corrugated pipe- the least
expensive pipe
-very flexible and is sold in coils
of one hundred feet or greater
-satisfactory for very shallow
installations
-can fail easily in by being crushed
in installation w/heavy equipment
-susceptible to degradation by
ultraviolet light
Drainage Materials
2. Geotextile
-a permeable fabric material made from
synthetic polymers
-used in filtration and drainage
-it returns soil while water passes
through the fabric and into the
drainage collection system
• Woven fabrics-have weave pattern
• Nonwoven fabrics-formed from a
random pattern of fibers bonded
together
Drainage Materials
2. Geotextile
-typical drainage applications:
+Interceptor drain construction
+drainage blanket installation
+geotextile wraps for pipes
- Can be obtained from local
distribbutors
- Commonly sold by rolls with
typically 12.5ft width and yardage
of 500 to 600 square yards
Drainage Materials
3. Catchbasins and Manholes
-allowpipes coming from different
directions and elevations to
converge at specific locations
-convert surface flow to subsurface
pipe flow
-trap larger sediment and debris
-provide drop in elevation down a
slope and dissipate the energy of
pipe flows
-constructed concrete or polyethylene
Drainage Materials
4. Pipe Couplings
-connects one length of pipe to
another without leaking
-sold as rigid or flexible connections
Drainage Materials
2. Pipe Anchors
-should be used for pipes on steep
slopes
-are not purchased but built in place
Drainage Materials
6. Drainage Gravel
-should be rounded rock
hanging in size from ¾
inches to 11/2 inches in
diameter
-provides uniform bedding for
drain pipes to create
consistent pipe slope and
provide a free draining
material adjacent to
perforated pipes
• These are pollutants that contain
carbon compounds.
• It acts as a substrates for
microorganisms.
Sources of Organic Pollutants
• Detergents
• Disinfection by-products found in
chemically disinfected drinking water,
such as chloroform
• Food processing waste
• Insecticides and herbicides
• Petroleum hydrocarbon
• Volatile organic compounds
Inorganic Pollutants
• These are pollutants that comes from
chemical substances of mineral origin.
• Causes clouding of water, forms
sludges in water sources and coats
waterbed.
Sources of Inorganic Pollutants
• Industrial charges
• Ammonia from food processing
• Chemical wastes as industrial by-products
• Fertilizer containing nutrients
• Heavy metals
Effects on Water Ecosystem
• During the decomposition process the
dissolved oxygen in the receiving water
may be used up at a greater rate than it
can be replenished, causing oxygen
depletion and having severe
consequences for the stream biota.
• Can contribute to the phenomenon of
Eutrophication, where nutrients contained
in sewerage and fertilizer runoff lead to
blooms of algae and cyanobacteria. When
the bloom dies, the process of
decomposition dramatically increases
biological oxygen demand.
• Organic effluents also frequently contain
large quantities of suspended solids
which reduce the light available to
photosynthetic
organisms and, on settling out, alter the
characteristics of the river bed, rendering it
an unsuitable habitat for many
invertebrates. Toxic ammonia is often
present.
Effects on the Biota
• affects the organisms living in a stream by
lowering the available oxygen in the
water. This causes reduced fitness, or,
when severe, asphyxiation. The increased
turbidity of the water reduces the light
available to photosynthetic organisms.
Organic wastes also settle out on the
bottom of the stream, altering the
characteristics of the substratum.
• Can disrupt reproductive and
endocrine systems of human.
• May cause irreparable genetic damage
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER
ON HUMAN HEALTH
Waste water has number of effects. The
effects could be classified as

• effects on ecosystem

• effects on animal health

• effects on human health


Effects on Ecosystem
1) Besides inorganic nutrient input, with
the inflow of waste water, decomposition of
organic wastes, plant nutrients such as
nitrates and phosphates takes place. This
promotes the growth of oxygen consuming
algae (algal bloom), especially the blue-
green algae. The growth of oxygen
consuming algae, which deoxygenates
water killing fish and other animals is
referred to as eutrophication.
2) Addition of oxygen not sufficient to support
life.
3) Addition of non-degradable broad-
spectrum pesticides, which cause mass
destruction of agnatic life.
4) Addition of oil destroys life by reducing
oxygen and catching fine, destroying
ecosystem.
Effects on Animal Health
• Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial
animals
• Reduced reproduction rate
• Increased incidence of diseases
• Imbalances created in secondary food chains
• Accumulation of bioaccumulative and non-
biodegradable pollutants in animal bodies.
• Some organochlorine pesticides (like DDT, BHC,
Endrin) are known for bioaccumulative and
biomagnifiable characters.
Effects on Human Health

• Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due


to nitrate pollution.
• Increased incidence of skin disorders due to
contact with pollutants.
• Increased incidence of constipation, diarrhea
and infections to intestine.
• Dangerous effects on growing foetus in
pregnant women.
• Concentration of pollutants due to
bioaccumulative pesticides. through
secondary and tertiary food chain in case
of non - vegetarians.
• Still births, abortions and birth of deformed
children.
• 'Blue baby' disease caused by methane
globinemia - which results in asphyxia
(reduced O2 supply).
• Reduced activity of immune system.
• Loss of memory power and reduced mental
sharpness.
• Water borne diseases like jaundice,
hepatitis, gasteroenteritis will be more
prevalent due to water pollution.
• Reduced bone development and muscular
development.
• Reduced male fertility.
• Shifts in physiological cycles of human
body.
End…

BS CmpE 3-5

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