Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT
1.Introduction
2.Sewer Pipes
3.Drainage System
4.Flood
5.Organic and inorganic
Pollutants
6.Effects of Wastewater
INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is any water that has been
adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid
waste discharged by domestic residences,
commercial properties, industry, and/or
agriculture and can encompass a wide
range of potential contaminants and
concentrations. In the most common usage,
it refers to the municipal wastewater that
contains a broad spectrum of contaminants
resulting from the mixing of wastewaters
from different sources.
Sewage is correctly the subset of wastewater that
is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often
used to mean any waste water. "Sewage" includes
domestic, municipal, or industrial
liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a
pipe or sewer or similar structure, sometimes in a
cesspool emptier.
•TYPES
Kinds of Sewer Pipes
• Clay Pipes
- Are made from clay.
The clay is grounded,
mixed with water,
molded into shape
and size, dried and
burned in a kiln at a
high temperature.
• Plain Concrete Sewer
Pipes
- Are used for small
sewers.
• Reinforced Concrete Sewer
Pipes
- These are made up of rings
and longitudinal reinforcement
that used to hold the rings in
place to prevent transverse
cracks.
• Asbestos – Cement Pipes
- This type has favorable
crushing strength with other
type of pipe. Its advantage
includes the reduce infiltration
in small pipe. It also makes
installation easier because it is
light weight.
• Cast – Iron Pipe
• This type is commonly
used in pumping station
and discharge lines.
Screening
Pre-treatment may
include a sand or grit
channel or chamber
where the velocity of
the incoming
wastewater is
carefully controlled to
allow sand, grit and
stones to settle.
Primary treatment
In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows
through large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers"
or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks are large
enough that sludge can settle and floating material such
as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be
skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary
sedimentation stage is to produce both a generally
homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically
and a sludge that can be separately treated or
processed. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped
with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive
the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the
tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge
treatment stages. Grease and oil from the floating
material can sometimes be recovered for saponification.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is designed to substantially
degrade the biological content of the sewage which are
derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and
detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the
settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological
processes. For this to be effective, the biota require
both oxygen and a substrate on which to live. There are
a number of ways in which this is done. In all these
methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume
biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g.
sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules,
etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into
floc. Secondary treatment systems are classified as:
fixed-film or
suspended-growth
Fixed-film OR attached growth system
treatment process including trickling filter and
rotating biological contactors where the biomass
grows on media and the sewage passes over its
surface.
Surface-aerated basins
The final step in the secondary treatment stage is to settle out the
biological floc or filter material and produce sewage water containing
very low levels of organic material and suspended matter.
Filtration
Constructed wetlands
• 1. Slow-Onset Floods
• 2. Rapid-Onset Floods
• 3. Flash Floods
1. Slow-Onset Floods
• Slow-Onset Floods usually last for
a relatively longer period, it may
last for one or more weeks, or
even months. As this kind of flood
last for a long period, it can lead
to lose of stock, damage to
agricultural products, roads and
rail links.
2. Rapid-Onset Floods
• Rapid-Onset Floods last for a
relatively shorter period, they usually
last for one or two days only. Although
this kind of flood lasts for a shorter
period, it can cause more damages
and pose a greater risk to life and
property as people usually have less
time to take preventative action
during rapid-onset floods.
3. Flash Floods
• Flash Floods may occur within
minutes or a few hours after
heavy rainfall, tropical storm,
failure of dams or levees or
releases of ice jams. And it
causes the greatest damages to
society.
Flooding in
the
Philippines
Flooding can also be divided into
different categories according to their
location:
1.Coastal Floods
2. Arroyos Floods
3. River Floods
1. Coastal Floods
• Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal
areas. When there are hurricanes and tropical
storms which will produce heavy rains, or giant
tidal waves created by volcanoes or
earthquakes, ocean water may be driven onto
the coastal areas and cause coastal floods.
• Hurricanes and tropical storms can produce
heavy rains, or drive ocean water onto land.
Beaches and coastal houses can be swept away
by the water. Coastal flooding can also be
produced by sea waves called tsunamis, giant
tidal waves that are created by volcanoes or
earthquakes in the ocean.
2. Arroyos Floods
• An arroyo is river which is normally dry. When
there are storms approaching these areas, fast-
moving river will normally form along the gully
and cause damages.
• An arroyo is a water-carved gully or a normally
dry creek found in arid or desert regions. When
storms appear in these areas, the rain water
cuts into the dry, dusty soil creating a small, fast-
moving river. Flash flooding in an arroyo can
occur in less than a minute, with enough power
to wash away sections of pavement.
3. River Floods
• This is the most common type of
flooding. When the actual amount of
river flow is larger than the amount
that the channel can hold, river will
overflow its banks and flood the areas
alongside the river. And this may
cause by reasons like snow melt or
heavy spring rain.
4. Urban Floods
• In most of the urban area, roads are
usually paved. With heavy rain, the large
amount of rain water cannot be absorbed
into the ground and leads to urban floods.
• As undeveloped land is paved for parking
lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall.
Rain water can not be absorbed into the
ground and becomes runoff, filling parking
lots, making roads into rivers, and flooding
basements and businesses.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
and its Components
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- A pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes
in a particular watershed
- Governed by the topography of the land,
whether dominated by hard or soft rocks and
the gradient of the land
- ( in PLUMBING) all piping w/in the public or
private premises w/c conveys sewage, rain
water or other liquid wastes to a legal pit of
disposal
Example of Drainage System
Example of Drainage System
Example of Drainage System
Types of Drainage system
• Dendritic Drainage
System
- most common form
- consists of a main
river with own
tributaries
- from above, it looks
like a tree or a river
delta in reverse
Ex: Amazon River and
Mississippi River
Types of Drainage system
• Parallel Drainage System
-a pattern of rivers caused by
steep slopes with some relief
-because of steep slopes,
streams are swift and straight,
w/ very few tributaries
-regions with mountain ranges
usually have this drainage
system
Ex: rivers flowing southeast
from the Aberdare Mountains
Types of Drainage system
• Trellis Drainage System
- tends to occur where there
is strong structural control
over the streams as a result
of geology
- streams tend to run parallel
to structures in the bedrock
with minor tributaries
coming in at right angles.
Ex: Appalachian Mountains
Types of Drainage system
• Centripetal Drainage
System
- centripetal water movements
are result of geological
depressions and water
flowing across them
• Rectangular Drainage
System
- Arranged around faulted
ground
Types of Drainage system
• Annular Drainage
System
-Arranged in ring-shaped
patterns around a central
basin
• Deranged Drainage
System
-watersheds where there is
o no coherent pattern to the
rivers and lakes
-happens in areas where
there has been much
DRAINAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- Successful construction involves selecting the
appropriate materials for the collection,
conveyance and discharge requirements of the
system
- Attention to proper capacity and durability of
each drainage material is critical
- The performance of the system will be
improved by using good construction
techniques and by performing routine periodic
maintenance
Drainage Materials
1. Drainage Pipe
-available in rigid wall and
flexible wall lengths
-plastic pipes are usu. used
based on cost, ease or
installation and availability
-walls of pipe vary from thin
and corrugated to thick and
solid
-each has degree of
flexibility over the length
Drainage Materials
1. Drainage Pipe
• corrugated pipe- the least
expensive pipe
-very flexible and is sold in coils
of one hundred feet or greater
-satisfactory for very shallow
installations
-can fail easily in by being crushed
in installation w/heavy equipment
-susceptible to degradation by
ultraviolet light
Drainage Materials
2. Geotextile
-a permeable fabric material made from
synthetic polymers
-used in filtration and drainage
-it returns soil while water passes
through the fabric and into the
drainage collection system
• Woven fabrics-have weave pattern
• Nonwoven fabrics-formed from a
random pattern of fibers bonded
together
Drainage Materials
2. Geotextile
-typical drainage applications:
+Interceptor drain construction
+drainage blanket installation
+geotextile wraps for pipes
- Can be obtained from local
distribbutors
- Commonly sold by rolls with
typically 12.5ft width and yardage
of 500 to 600 square yards
Drainage Materials
3. Catchbasins and Manholes
-allowpipes coming from different
directions and elevations to
converge at specific locations
-convert surface flow to subsurface
pipe flow
-trap larger sediment and debris
-provide drop in elevation down a
slope and dissipate the energy of
pipe flows
-constructed concrete or polyethylene
Drainage Materials
4. Pipe Couplings
-connects one length of pipe to
another without leaking
-sold as rigid or flexible connections
Drainage Materials
2. Pipe Anchors
-should be used for pipes on steep
slopes
-are not purchased but built in place
Drainage Materials
6. Drainage Gravel
-should be rounded rock
hanging in size from ¾
inches to 11/2 inches in
diameter
-provides uniform bedding for
drain pipes to create
consistent pipe slope and
provide a free draining
material adjacent to
perforated pipes
• These are pollutants that contain
carbon compounds.
• It acts as a substrates for
microorganisms.
Sources of Organic Pollutants
• Detergents
• Disinfection by-products found in
chemically disinfected drinking water,
such as chloroform
• Food processing waste
• Insecticides and herbicides
• Petroleum hydrocarbon
• Volatile organic compounds
Inorganic Pollutants
• These are pollutants that comes from
chemical substances of mineral origin.
• Causes clouding of water, forms
sludges in water sources and coats
waterbed.
Sources of Inorganic Pollutants
• Industrial charges
• Ammonia from food processing
• Chemical wastes as industrial by-products
• Fertilizer containing nutrients
• Heavy metals
Effects on Water Ecosystem
• During the decomposition process the
dissolved oxygen in the receiving water
may be used up at a greater rate than it
can be replenished, causing oxygen
depletion and having severe
consequences for the stream biota.
• Can contribute to the phenomenon of
Eutrophication, where nutrients contained
in sewerage and fertilizer runoff lead to
blooms of algae and cyanobacteria. When
the bloom dies, the process of
decomposition dramatically increases
biological oxygen demand.
• Organic effluents also frequently contain
large quantities of suspended solids
which reduce the light available to
photosynthetic
organisms and, on settling out, alter the
characteristics of the river bed, rendering it
an unsuitable habitat for many
invertebrates. Toxic ammonia is often
present.
Effects on the Biota
• affects the organisms living in a stream by
lowering the available oxygen in the
water. This causes reduced fitness, or,
when severe, asphyxiation. The increased
turbidity of the water reduces the light
available to photosynthetic organisms.
Organic wastes also settle out on the
bottom of the stream, altering the
characteristics of the substratum.
• Can disrupt reproductive and
endocrine systems of human.
• May cause irreparable genetic damage
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER
ON HUMAN HEALTH
Waste water has number of effects. The
effects could be classified as
• effects on ecosystem
BS CmpE 3-5