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Factors affecting:
plant leaf and stem
density,
type of the
precipitation,
intensity of the
precipitation,
and duration of the
precipitation event.
Stemflow:
is the process that directs
precipitation down plant
branches and stems (red
arrows ).
this process causes the
ground area around the
plant's stem to receive
additional moisture.
The amount of stemflow is
determined by
leaf shape and stem
branch architecture.
In general, deciduous trees
have more stemflow than
coniferous vegetation.
Infiltration : Water that reaches ground surface will soak into soil
Some of the precipitation
seeps into the ground and
stored in aquifers
then it is transported to
streams and lakes by
subsurface flow.
Precipitation
Relief steeper the gradient the less water will be
percolated
Flora & fauna animal tunnels & burrow
- root system of direct movement of
water in the soil
Rock structure / composition
Porous rock sandstone
Permeable rock - limestone
Groundwater flow / baseflow
(a) infiltration to
deep
groundwater,
(e) overland
flow to (g)
(g) temporary
ponds
(f) deep
groundwater
flow.
Channel flow
Surface run-off
Throughflow
Groundwater flow
/baseflow
Factors that influence water flows
within a drainage basin
Rainfall
Vegetation and land use
Climate
Shape
Conditions in drainage basin
Size and shape of the river
basin
Soil type and depth
Bedrock
STORAGES
Storages
Groundwater Storage
Interception Storage
Depression Storage
Surface Storage
Groundwater Storage
Biological activity
with plant roots, soil
flora and fauna
create microchannels
Saturated zone
Water accumulates
Baseflow /
groundwater occurs
No biological activity
Intermediate zone
Changing patterns of
precipitation and EVT
throughout the year
gives a layer which is
alternatively saturated
and unsaturated
Interflow occurs
18
Infiltration rate
Rainwater which is not
16
infiltrated will become
Infiltration Rate
14 surface run-off /
overland flow
12
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6