Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5
1. Units and Dimensions
The numerical values of two quantities
may be added or subtracted only if the
units are the same.
3 cm + 1 cm = 4 cm (YES)
3 cm 1 cm = 2 cm (YES)
6
1. Units and Dimensions
Numerical values and their corresponding
units may always be combined by
multiplication or division.
3 km / 1 h = 3 km/h
3 km/h X 1 h = 3 km
3 km / 1 km = 3 (dimensionless)
7
1. Units and Dimensions
Dimensions property that can be
measured.
8
Base Unit Dimensions
Mass Kilogram M
Length Meter L
Temperature K
Time s T
9
2. Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in
terms of any units having the appropriate
dimension.
1 cm s2 h2 day2 m km
s2 h2 day2 yr2 cm m
3. Fill the values of the conversion factors
14
Systems of Units
MULTIPLE
UNITS
BASE DERIVED
UNITS UNITS
SYSTEMS
OF UNITS
15
Systems of Units
Base Units
SI CGS
Quantity (system of Symbol American Symbol (Centimetergram Symbol
units) second system)
16
Systems of Units
1. SI system widespread acceptance in the scientific
and engineering.
2. CGS system almost identical to SI system, the
principle difference being that grams (g) and
centimeters (cm) are used instead of kilograms and
meters as the base units of mass and length.
3. American Engineering System has 2 principal
difficulties. The 1st is the occurrence of conversion
factors (such as 1 ft/12 in), which, unlike those in the
metric systems, are not multiples of 10; the 2nd, which
has to do with the unit of force, is discussed in the next
section.
17
Systems of Units
Multiple Units
Fractions of base unit
Example : Years
Days
Hours
Seconds
Minutes
Multiple Unit prefixes
Example : Multiple Unit Preferences
tera (T) = 10 12 centi (c) = 10 -2
giga (G) = 10 9 milli (m) = 10 -3
mega (M) = 10 6 micro () = 10 -6
kilo (k) = 10 3 nano (n) = 10 -9
18 18
Systems of Units
Derived SI Units
Equivalent to the Base
Quantity Unit Symbol
Unit
Volume Liter L 0.001m3 = 1000 cm3
Newton (SI) 1 kg.m/s2
Force N
Dyne (CGS) 1 g.cm/s2
Pressure Pascal Pa 1 N/m2
Energy/ Joule J 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2
Work Calorie cal 4.184 J = 4.184 kg.m2/s2
Power Watt W 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3
19
Force & Weight
Force is proportional to product of mass and acceleration
(length/time2).
Natural force units are therefore kg.m/s2 (SI), g.cm/s2
(CGS), and Ibm.ft/s2 (American engineering)
To avoid these complex natural force units, we usually
defined using derived force units (Newton, dyne and lbf)
1 Newton (N) = 1 kg.m/s2
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s2
In the American engineering system, the derived force
unit called a pound-force (lbf) is defined as the
product of a unit mass (1 lbm) and the acceleration of
gravity at sea level and 45 latitude, which is 32.174 ft/s2:
1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2 20
Force & Weight
Weight of an object is force exerted on the
object by gravitational attraction of the earth
i.e. force of gravity, g.
W = mg
Value of gravitational acceleration:
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2 21
Force & Weight
The symbol gc is sometimes used to
denote the conversion factor from a natural
force unit to a derived force unit.
1 kg.m/s2 32.174 lbm.ft/s2
gc =
1N
=
1 lbf
lbm 3 ft 1lbf
W 62.4 3 2 ft 32.174 2 124.8lbf
ft s 32.174lb ft
s23
m 2
3. Processes & Process Variables
Evaluation of performance of process
operation requires the knowledge of the
amounts, composition, conditions of
materials that enter and leave each
process units.
This sub-topic presents methods of
calculating variables that characterize the
operation of processes and individual
process units.
24
Process
Process Process
Input/Feed Unit Unit Output/Product
Output/Product
Feed
PROCESS Products
INPUT OUTPUT
To design or analyze a process, we need to
know the amounts, compositions, and
conditions of materials entering, leaving
and within the process.
26
3. Process Variables
Processes and
Process Variables
Density and
Specific Gravity Chemical
Composition
Flow rate
Temperature
Pressure
27
Density & Specific Volume
1. Density ()
Mass per unit volume of a substance.
Density of a substance can be used as
conversion factor to relate the mass and
the volume of the substances.
Unit: g/cm3; kg/m3; lbm/ft3.
2. Specific Volume
Volume per unit mass of a substance.
Inverse of density.
28
R
E
F
density of a reference (ref) substance at a specific
volume length
2
V A(length )
time time
V
We can relate between Volumetric flow rate, (volume/time)
which is easiest to measure and Mass flow m
rate,
(mass/time) using Density, (mass/volume):
mass mass volume
m
V
time volume time
31
Flow Rate Measurement
Flow meter device mounted in a
process line that provides a continuous
reading of the flow rate in the line.
Two commonly used flow meter are
rotameter and orifice meter.
32
Flow Meter
Orifice meter
(based on pressure drop)
Rotameter
(vertical tube containing a float) 33
Chemical Composition
Chemical
Composition
Moles and
Molecular Weight
Concentration
Mass and
Mole Fractions
Parts per Million (ppm)
& Part per Billion (ppb)
Average
Molecular Weight
34
Moles & Molecular Weight
Atomic weight - mass of an atom based on
carbon isotope 12C.
Molecular weight - Sum of the atomic weights
of atoms that represent a molecule of the
compound.
Eg.: Oxygen atomic weight (O) = 16.0 g/mol.
Thus, molecular oxygen (O2) has a molecular
weight of = 16.0 + 16.0 = 32.0 g/mol
Unit: kg/k-mol, g/mol, and lbm/lb-mole
35
m
Moles & Molecular Weight
n
1. At 1 mol of a substance, its mass in gram is equal to its
M
W
molecular weight.
2. Example: CO has molecular weight of 28. Therefore;
1 mol of CO contains 28 g
1Ib-mole CO contains 28 Ibm
1 ton-mole CO contains 28 tons
3. A gram-mol (g-mol, or mol in SI units), n is the amount of a
species (atom/molecule) whose mass in grams is
numerically equivalent to its molecular weight.
n = no. of moles (mol)
m = mass (g)
MW = molecular weight 36
(g/mol)
n 3 mM W 34kg k
1m
7o
kgl
k
m
o
2l
Moles & Molecular Weight
NH NH
Example 1: 34 kg of NH3 is equivalent to how many
3
moles? Given MW NH3 = 17.0 kg/kmol
n
m
14.0(1.04)14(163)lb
M W
Solution:
7
2
N
H
N
lb
O N
H NO l
b-mole
0
.
9l
b
m
-o
l
e
Example 2: How many Ib-moles in 72 pounds of
43 4
3
NH4NO3. Given MW: N = 14.0 , H = 1.0 , O = 16.0)
m m 37
Mass and Mole Fraction
Process input/output streams can
contain mixtures of liquids/gases,
solutions of one/more solutes in a
solvent.
Need mass fraction and mole fraction
to define the compositions.
38
Mass and Mole Fraction
Mass fraction, xA
mass of A kg A gA lbm A
xA Units : or or
total mass kg total g total lbm total
Mole fraction, yA
moles of A kmol A mol A lb-mol A
yA Units: or or
total moles kmol total mol total lb-mol total
39
Example
A mixture of gases has the following
mass composition:
O2 16%
CO 4%
CO2 17%
N2 63%
41
Solution
From question: The mass composition is O2 (16%), CO (4%),
CO2 (17%) and N2 (63%)
Basis: 100g of mixture
Mass MW Mole
Comp. Mass Fraction Moles (mol)
(g) (g/mol) Fraction
i xi mi Mi ni yi
Vol. MW
NOTE:%Use basis
Comp. of 100
Moles (kmol) kmol and Units allWeight
(kg/kmol) in kg (kg)
and kmol Therefore,
CH4 78.0 78.0% x 100 = 78.0 16.0 16.0 kg/kmol x 78.0 kmol = 1248 kg 2133kg
C2H6 10.0 10.0% x 100 = 10.0 30.1 30.1 kg/kmol x 10.0 kmol = 301 kg
M
C3H8 8.0 8.0% x 100 = 8.0 44.1 44.1 kg/kmol x 8.0 kmol = 352 kg
100kmol
C4H10 4.0 4.0% x 100 = 4.0 58.1 58.1 kg/kmol x 4.0 kmol = 232 kg 21.33kg/ kmol
TOTAL 100.0 100.0 kmol 2133 kg
44
Concentrations
Moles of component per unit volume of
Molar solution. moles of A
=
concentration Unit : mol/m , Ibmol/ft
3 3 C A
Volume of mixture
47
Parts per Million (ppm)&
Parts per Billion (ppb)
ppmi= yi x 106
ppbi = yi x 109
Pressure units:
N/m2, dynes/cm2, lbf /in2, psi, Pa.
49
Hydrostatic Pressure
Take a column of fluid with height, h (m) and
cross sectional area, A (m2)
The fluid has a density of (kg/m3)
The pressure, P at the base of the column is
by definition the force, F exerted on the base
divided by the area, A.
Force equals the weight of the fluid in the
column plus any force on the top surface.
50
Hydrostatic Pressure
This is the formula for the pressure of the
fluid at the base of the column (hydrostatic
pressure)
P P gh
0 Po
Derivation:
F ma mg h
F (m) g ( Ah) g
P F / A gh
P P0 gh
51
Head Pressure
Pressure maybe expressed as a head of a
particular fluid- that is in terms of a height of fluid.
Usually, water (H2O) or mercury (Hg) is used
We can thus speak of a pressure of 14.7 psi or
equivalently of a pressure (or head) of 33.9 ft 3 of
water (33.9 ft3 H2O) or 760 mm of mercury (760
mmHg).
lbf
14.7 2
14.7psi 33.9 ft H 2 O (head) = 760 mmHg (head)
in
Head units are mostly used for very low pressures
52
and expressed as "mm Hg" or "in H2O
Atmospheric, Absolute
& Gauge Pressure
The Atmospheric Pressure pressure at
the base of a column of fluid (air) located at
the point of measurement (e.g. at sea level).
A typical value of the atmospheric pressure
at sea level, 760.0 mm Hg, has been
designated as a standard pressure of 1
atmosphere.
1 atm 14.696 psi 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg
53
Atmospheric, Absolute
& Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure Gauge Pressure plus
Atmospheric Pressure. In a perfect vacuum, the
pressure is zero.
Gauge Pressure Pressure relative to the
atmospheric pressure at measurement point.
Relationship between absolute pressure and gauge
pressure is:
55
Fluid Pressure Measurement
Manometer Pressure gauge
56
Temperature
Temperature of a substance in a particular
state of aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas) is a
measure of the average kinetic energy
possessed by the substance molecules.
Example of temperature measuring devices:
Resistance thermometer (based on the
resistance of a conductor), thermocouple
(voltage at the junction of 2 dissimilar
metals), pyrometer (spectra of emitted
radiation) and thermometer (volume of a
fixed mass of fluid). 57
Temperature
The following relationship may be used to
convert a temperature expressed in one
defined scale unit to its equivalent in another
unit
T K = T( C) + 273.15
o
o o
T ( R) = T( F) + 459.67
o
T ( R) = 1.8 T (K)
o o
T( F) = 1.8 T( C) + 32 58
Temperature Interval, T
We can use these conversion factor for temperature intervals,
T. These conversion factor refer to temperature intervals,
T NOT temperature, T.
o o o o
1.8 F 1 .8 R 1F 1C
1o C 1o K 1o R 1o K
63
Tutorial
Derive unit for velocity in the
SI System?
The CGS System?
The American Engineering System?
length m ft cm
Velocity = (SI unit) = (American) = (CGS )
time s s s
64
Tutorial
Convert 1 miles per hour to meter per second
Length
1 m= 100 cm = 1000 mm =106 microns = 1010 angstrom
= 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft= 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile
1 ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
mi mile 1 m 1 hr m
1 1 0.447
hr hr 0.0006214 mile 3600 s s
65
Tutorial
Convert 23 Ibm.ft/min2 to its equivalent kg.cm/s2
Mass
1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric tonne = 2.20462 Ibm = 35.2739 oz
1 Ibm = 16 oz = 5 x 10-4 ton = 453.593 g = 0.453593 kg
Length
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 microns = 1010 angstrom = 39.37 in
= 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile
1 ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
66
Tutorial
The density of CCl4 is 1.595 g/cm3; what is the
a) Mass of 20 cm3 of CCl4
20 cm3 1.595 g
= 31.9 g
cm 3
68
Solution
a) Density in g/cm3 0.5 1g
= = 0.5 g/cm3
cm 3
d) Volume occupied
18 gby 18
cm3g of this liquid
=
3
36 cm
0.5 g 69
Tutorial
Consider the interval from 20F to 80F.
1.Calculate the equivalent temperature in C and the interval between them.
2.Calculate directly the interval in C between these temperatures.
SOLUTION 1
T(F ) 32
From equation: T(F ) 1.8T(C) 32, we get T(C)
1.8
20 32 80 32
For 20F, T1 (C) 6.7C, For 80F, T2 (C) 26.6C
1.8 1.8
Temperature Interval, T = T2 T1 (26.6 (6.7))C 33.3C
SOLUTION 2
o
1 C
T( C) (80 20) F o 33.3 oC
o o
1.8 F 70