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Muhammad Haroon
Roll # (10607)
MBA 3rd (Eve)
bjective

r Able To know the characteristics and power of scales

r Able to operationally define concepts.
~   & ' 

( ' )
VA variable is any thing that can take on differing values´.
The values can differ at various times for the same object or person or at the same time for
different persons.

* )
Production of units, absenteeism, motivation.

r Measurement of variable is an integral part of research.

r Important aspect of research design.
r Without measuring, not able to test hypothesis & complex research.
! '    

r Úome objects pose no measurement problem

* ) Floor area, length & width of table.

r ata representing several demographic characteristics of office can also

obtained by asking simple & straightforward questions.
* )
r How long you have been working in this organization?
r How long you have been working on this particular assignment?
r What is your job title?
r What is your marital status?

r Any one can check company record to obtain certain type of information, the
absenteeism, the production .
r Easy measurement of physiological phenomena like as blood pressure, pulse
rate, body temperature.
r Úubjective feelings are not easy to measure like emotions, attitude, feelings.
r bjective variable has precise measurement.
r Úubjective variable is more nebulous & not accurate measurement
Faisal Úhahzad Awan
Roll # M10615
MBA 3rd (Evening)
perational efinition: imensions and Elements

g perationally defining a concept to render it measurable is done by looking

at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept.
imensions and Elements

g  

r Driven by work

r No mood to relax

r Want to be achieving and accomplishing

r Engage in challenging jobs

r Seek Feedback
imensions and Elements

g  )

r Be at work all the time

r Reluctant to take time off from work
r Persevere even in the face of some setback
imensions and Elements

g  +

The degree of unwillingness to relax can be measured by asking person such

question as

r How do you think about work while you are away?

r What are your hobbies?
r How do you spend your time when you are away from the workplace?
imensions and Elements

g  

r Individuals with high achievement motivation have no patience with

ineffective people and are reluctant to work with others.
 £awar Hussain
Roll # M10597
MBA 3rd (Evening)
imensions and Elements

g  ,)

r  ow  evel Challenge

r Medium  evel Challenge
r High  evel Challenge
imensions and Elements

g  "

r Always seeking feedback, positive or negative.

Muhammad Haroon
Roll # (10618)
MBA 3rd (Eve)
Ú  

Ú  )
A scale is a tool by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one
another. The scale or tool could be a gross one in the sense that it would only broadly
categorize individuals on certain variables.


  ' &-   )

r {
r . 
r /& 
r 0&
r {  )
A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or group.

* )
If we had interviewed 200 people and assigned code number 1 to all male respondent and number 2
to all female respondent, then computer analysis of the data at the end of the survey may show that 98
of the respondents are men and 102 women. This frequency distribution tells us that 49% of the survey
respondents are men and 51% women.

{& )

ther than this marginal information, such scaling tells us nothing more about the two groups. Thus
the nominal scale gives some basic, categorical, gross information.
r . Ú  )
An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote
differences among the various categories, it also rank orders the categories in some
meaningful way. And it provided more information than the nominal scale.

* )
Rank the following five characteristics in a job in term of how important they are for you.
You should rank the most important item as1 the next in importance as 2, and so on, until
you have ranked each of them 1, 2, 3 , 4 and 5.
ü'1
  & & )
The opportunity provided by the job to:

1. Interact with other. «««««

2. Use a number of different skills. «««««
3. Complete a whole task from beginning to end. «««««
4. Úerve others. «««««
5. Work independently. «««««
r /&   )
An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetical operations on the data
collected from the respondent. it lets us measure the distance between any two points on the
scale. This helps us to compute the means and stander deviation of the responses on the
variables.

* )
Employee think that,
r it is more important for them to have a variety of skills in their jobs than to complete a task from
beginning to end.
r It is more important for them to serve people than to work independently on the job.

Interval scale indicate that first preference is   *& &,    *& &,  & *& & than
second.
* )

/& & &

 *& &&!

- !&
&
!&&  &&
- & &- 2'

1 2 3 4 5
Útrongly isagree No agree Agree Útrongly
isagree & isagree Agree

1. Interact with other. «««««««««««««««««««««««««.

2. Use a number of different skills. ««««««««««««««««««««..
3. Complete a whole task from beginning to end. «««««««««««««««
4. Úerve others«««..««««««««««««««««««««««««« .
5. Work independently. .««««««««««««««««««««««««...
  
Roll # 10609
MBA 3rd (Eve)
è
 

r Ratio scale are usually used in organizational research.

r The ratio scale measure the magnitude of the differences b/w points on the scale but
also taps the proportions in the differences.
r The ratio scale overcomes disadvantage of the previous scale.
r It is the more powerful, unique and subsumes all the properties of the other three
scales.
r The ratio scale has natural origin 0, which is meaningful.
Example

r The weighing balance is good example.

r A persons weighing 250 kg is twice as heavy as one who weighs 125 kg. note that
multiplying and dividing these two numbers(250and150) by any given number will
preserve ratio of 1:2.
r Ratio scale used when exact numbers on objective factors are called the following
questions:
1. How many other organizations did you work for before this joining system?
2. Please indicate the number of children you have in each of the following categories:
______below 3 years of age.
______between 3 and 6
______12 years and over

1. How many retail outlets do you operate?

Properties of the four scales
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summary

‡ The issue of scaling also needs to addressed in cross-cultural research. ifferent

cultures react differently to issue of scaling. For instance, a 5-point or a 7 point may
make no difference in the united states, but could in the responses of subjects in other
countries a7-point scale is more sensitive than a 4-point scale.
J