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To start, lets identify the carbons that initially enter the cycle
Note: G, from glucose; P, from pyruvate).
Decarboxylation during
formation of acetyl CoA
via PDH.
D-Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
•The use of FAD rather than NAD+ enables electrons from cytosolic NADH to
be transported against an NADH gradient. The price is 1 ATP/pair of electrons.
OAA is regen-
erated
2) Respiration:
2 Pyruvate + 5 O2 + 30 ADP + 30 Pi
6 CO2 + 30 ATP + 34 H2O
2 NADH + 2 H+ + O2 + 4 Pi + 4 ADP
2 NAD+ + 4 ATP + 6 H2O (per glucose)
3
Anaplerotic Reactions Replenish the Cycle Intermediates
•Removal of a given intermediate from the cycle will tend to slow the
flux through the cycle.
1)
2)
•In step 1, the carboxyl group is bonded to the N-1 nitrogen on the
biotin ring, thereby activating the carboxyl group.
•The long flexible biotin-protein arm enables biotin to move from one
active site on the enzyme to the other.
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase