Ansys Modal Analysis 121213023410 Phpapp02

Module 2
Modal Analysis
Module 2
Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
A. Define modal analysis and its purpose.
B. Discuss associated concepts, terminology, and mode extraction

methods.
C. Learn how to do a modal analysis in ANSYS.
D. Work on one or two modal analysis exercises.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-2
Modal Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
What is modal analysis?
A technique used to determine a structures vibration

characteristics:
Natural frequencies
Mode shapes
Mode participation factors (how much a given mode participates in a
given direction)
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-3
Modal Analysis
Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Benefits of modal analysis
Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a

specified frequency (speakers, for example).
Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to

different types of dynamic loads.
Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other

dynamic analyses.
Recommendation: Because a structures vibration characteristics

determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, always perform a
modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic analysis.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-4
Modal Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
General equation of motion:
M u C u K u F t
Assume free vibrations and ignore damping:
M u K u 0
Assume harmonic motion ( i.e. u U sin(t ) )
K M u 0
2
The roots of this equation are i2, the eigenvalues, where i ranges
from 1 to number of DOF. Corresponding vectors are {u}i, the
eigenvectors.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-5
Modal Analysis
Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
The square roots of the eigenvalues are i , the structures natural
circular frequencies (radians/sec). Natural frequencies fi are then
calculated as fi = i/2cycles/sec. It is the natural frequencies fi
that are input by the user and output by ANSYS.
The eigenvectors {u}i represent the mode shapes - the shape

assumed by the structure when vibrating at frequency fi.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-6
Modal Analysis
Terminology & Concepts (cont.) Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode Extraction is the term used to describe the calculation of
eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Mode Expansion has a dual meaning. For the reduced method,

mode expansion means calculating the full mode shapes from the
reduced mode shapes. For all other methods, mode expansion
simply means writing mode shapes to the results file.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-7
Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Mode Extraction Methods Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Several mode extraction methods are available in ANSYS:
Block Lanczos (default)
Subspace
PowerDynamics
Reduced
Unsymmetric
Damped (full)
QR Damped
Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size

(relative to your computer resources) and the particular
application.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-8
Mode Extraction Methods - Block Lanczos Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
The Block Lanczos method is recommended for most
applications.
Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most models
Typically used in complex models with mixture of
solids/shells/beams etc.
Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range
Handles rigid-body modes well
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-9
Mode Extraction Methods - Subspace Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
When extracting a small number of modes (<40) in similar size
models, the subspace method can be more suitable.
Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace
May have convergence problems when rigid body modes are present.
Not recommended when constraint equations are present.
Generally superseded by Block Lanczos
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-10
Mode Extraction Methods - PowerDynamics Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
For large (100K+ DOF) models and a small number of modes
(< 20), use the PowerDynamics method. It can be
significantly faster than Block Lanczos or Subspace, but:
Requires large amount of memory.
May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-conditioned
matrix.
May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check)
Recommended only as a last resort for large models.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-11
Mode Extraction Methods - Reduced Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
For models in which lumping mass does not create a local
oscillation, typically beams and spars, use the Reduced method.
Memory and disk requirements are low.
In general fastest eigen solver
Employs matrix reduction, a technique to reduce the size of [K] and
[M] by selecting a subset of DOF called master DOF.
Reduction of [K] is exact but [M] loses some accuracy
Accuracy of [M] depends on number and location of master DOF.
Generally not recommended due to
Expertise required in picking master DOF
Efficient alternatives such as Block Lanczos
reduced cost of hardware
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-12
Mode Extraction Methods - Unsymmetric Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
The unsymmetric method is used for acoustics (with structural
coupling) and other such applications with unsymmetric [K] and [M].
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Real part is the natural frequency.
Imaginary part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive
means unstable.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-13
Mode Extraction Methods - Damped Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, but if its effects
are significant, the Damped method is used.
Typical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic damping
effects are important.
Two ANSYS elements, BEAM4 and PIPE16, allow gyroscopic effects to
be specified in the form of real constant SPIN (rotational speed,
radians/time).
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Imaginary part is the natural frequency.
Real part indicates stability - negative means stable, positive
means unstable.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-14
Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
A second mode extraction method that considers damping effects
is the Q-R Damped method.
Faster and more stable than the existing Damped Solver
Works with poorly conditioned models
All forms of damping allowed including damper elements
Combines the best features of the real eigensolution method (Block
Lanczos) and the Complex Hessenberg method (QR Algorithm)
Outputs complex eigenvalues ( frequency and stability) and damping
ratio of each mode
Supports the use of a material dependent damping ratio [MP,DMPR] in
a subsequent mode superposition harmonic analysis
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-15
DYNAMICS 8.1
MODOPT,QRDAMP,NMODE
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-16
DYNAMICS 8.1
Comparison Demonstrating the Superior Solution Performance
of the QR Damped Mode Extraction Method
FEA Model Characteristics:
111,129 active dofs
10 damped modes
Alpha, Beta and Element damping
160000
140000
120000
100000
CPU (sec)
80000 ELAPSE (sec)
60000
40000
20000
0
QRDAMP DAMP
July 22, 2004
Inventory #002110
2-17
Summary for symmetric, undamped solvers Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Extraction Linear Solver
Remarks
method Used
Block Lanczos Sparse Matrix Recommended for most applications; Most stable;
Stable but slow; Requires large disk space; Has
Subspace Frontal Solver difficulty with constraint equations / rigid body
modes
Same as subspace but with PCG solver; Can
handle very large models; Lumped mass only; May
Powerdynamics PCG solver
miss modes; Modes cannot be used in
subsequent spectrum and PSD analyses
In general fastest; Accuracy depends on Master
DOF selection; Limitations similar to Subspace;
Reduced Frontal Solver
Not recommended due to expertise required in
selecting Master DOF.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-18
Modal Analysis
C. Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Four main steps in a modal analysis:
Build the model
Choose analysis type and options
Apply boundary conditions and solve
Review results
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-19
Modal Analysis Procedure
Build the Model Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Remember density!
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-20
Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Enter Solution and choose modal

analysis.
Mode extraction options*
Mode expansion options*
Other options*
*Discussed next
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-21
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode extraction options
Method: Block Lanczos

recommended for most applications.
Number of modes: Must be specified

(except Reduced method).
Frequency range: Defaults to entire

range, but can be limited to a desired
range (FREQB to FREQE).
Specification of a frequency range
requires additional factorizations and
it is typically faster to simply request
a number of modes which will overlap
the desired range.
Normalization: Discussed next.
defaults to 1e8
July 22, 2004
Inventory #002110
2-22
DYNAMICS 8.1
Normalization of mode shapes:
Only the shape of the DOF solution has real meaning. It is

therefore customary to normalize them for numerical efficiency or
user convenience.
Modes are normalized either to the mass matrix or to a unit matrix

(unity).
Normalization to mass matrix is the default, and is required for a
spectrum analysis or if a subsequent mode superposition analysis is
planned.
Choose normalization to unity when you want to easily compare
relative values of displacements throughout the structure.
Modes normalized to unity cannot be used in subsequent mode
superposition analyses (transient, harmonic, spectrum or random
vibration)
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-23
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode expansion:
You need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the

following:
Have element stresses calculated.
Do a subsequent spectrum or mode superposition analysis.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-24
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode expansion (continued):
Recommendation: Always expand as many modes as the number

extracted. The cost of this is minimal.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-25
DYNAMICS 8.1
Other analysis options:
Lumped mass matrix
Mainly used for slender beams and thin shells, or for wave
propagation problems.
Automatically chosen for PowerDynamics method.
Pre-stress effects
For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).
Full damping
Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen.
Damping ratio, alpha damping, and beta damping are allowed.
BEAM4 and PIPE16 also allow gyroscopic damping.
QR damping
All types of damping are allowed.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-26
Apply BCs and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Displacement constraints: Discussed next.
External loads: Ignored since free vibrations are assumed.

However, ANSYS creates a load vector which you can use in a
subsequent mode superposition analysis.
Solve: Discussed next.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-27
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints:
Apply as necessary, to simulate actual fixity.
Rigid body modes will be calculated in directions not constrained.
Non-zero displacements are not allowed.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-28
... Apply BCs and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints (continued):
Be careful with symmetry
Symmetry BCs will only produce symmetrically

shaped modes, so some modes can be missed.
Full Model
Symmetry BC Anti-Symmetry BC
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-29
DYNAMICS 8.1
Displacement constraints (continued):
For the plate-with-hole model, the lowest non-zero mode for the full and
the quarter-symmetry case is shown below. The 53-Hz mode was missed
by the anti-symmetry case because ROTX is non-zero along the symmetry
boundaries.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-30
DYNAMICS 8.1
Solve:
Typically one load step.
Multiple load steps can be used to study the

effect of different displacement constraints
(symmetry BC in one load step and anti-symmetry
BC in another, for example).
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-31
Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Review results using POST1, the general postprocessor
List natural frequencies
View mode shapes
Review participation factors
Review modal stresses
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-32
DYNAMICS 8.1
Listing natural frequencies:
Choose Read Results > By Pick in the General Postproc menu.
Notice that each mode is stored in a separate substep.
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-33
DYNAMICS 8.1
Viewing mode shapes:
First read in results for the

desired mode using First Set, Next
Set, or By Load Step.
Then plot the deformed shape:

General Postproc > Plot Results >
Deformed Shape
Notice that the graphics legend

shows mode number (SUB = ) and
the frequency (FREQ = ).
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-34
DYNAMICS 8.1
Viewing mode shapes (continued):
You can also animate the mode shape: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >
Animate > Mode Shape...
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-35
DYNAMICS 8.1
Participation Factors:
Calculated for each mode in global translation and rotation

directions
High value in a direction indicates that the mode will be excited by

forces in that direction
Values are relative based on a unit displacement spectrum
The final participation factor value (ROTZ) can be retrieved into a

parameter using *GET command. A spectrum analysis with a
specified direction (SED,0,1,0) could be used to obtain other values
Also printed out (to the output file) is the effective mass. Ideally the
sum of the effective masses in each direction should equal total
mass of structure
Effective Mass = (participation factor)2

July 22, 2004
Inventory #002110
2-36
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal stresses:
Available if element stress calculation is activated when choosing analysis

options.
Stress values have no real meaning, however these can be used to

highlight hot spots
If mode shapes are normalized to unity, you can compare stresses at

different points for a given mode shape
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-37
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode shapes
normalized to
unity
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-38
Modal Analysis
Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Build the model
Review results
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-39
D. Workshop - Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
This workshop consists of two problems:
1. Modal analysis of a plate with a hole

A step-by-step description of how to do the analysis.
You may choose to run this problem yourself, or your instructor may
show it as a demonstration.
Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement (
WS2: Modal Analysis - Plate with a Hole, Page WS-17 ).
2. Modal analysis of a model airplane wing

This is left as an exercise to you.
Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement (
WS3: Modal Analysis - Model Airplane Wing, Page WS-23 ).
July 22, 2004

Inventory #002110
2-40

Ansys Modal Analysis 121213023410 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ansys Modal Analysis 121213023410 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 2

B. Discuss associated concepts, terminology, and mode extraction

C. Learn how to do a modal analysis in ANSYS.

D. Work on one or two modal analysis exercises.

July 22, 2004

A technique used to determine a structures vibration

Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.

July 22, 2004

Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a

Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to

Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other

Recommendation: Because a structures vibration characteristics

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

The eigenvectors {u}i represent the mode shapes - the shape

July 22, 2004

Mode Expansion has a dual meaning. For the reduced method,

July 22, 2004

Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

Build the model

Choose analysis type and options

Apply boundary conditions and solve

July 22, 2004

Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.

See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.

July 22, 2004

Choose analysis type and options

Enter Solution and choose modal

Mode extraction options*

Mode expansion options*

July 22, 2004

Method: Block Lanczos

Number of modes: Must be specified

Frequency range: Defaults to entire

Normalization: Discussed next.

Only the shape of the DOF solution has real meaning. It is

Modes are normalized either to the mass matrix or to a unit matrix

July 22, 2004

You need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the

July 22, 2004

Recommendation: Always expand as many modes as the number

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

Choose analysis type and options

Apply boundary conditions and solve

Displacement constraints: Discussed next.

External loads: Ignored since free vibrations are assumed.

Solve: Discussed next.

July 22, 2004

July 22, 2004

Be careful with symmetry

Symmetry BCs will only produce symmetrically

July 22, 2004