Bronchitis

Siew Li Zhen
Lau Kar Yan
Ong Xue Chee
Lai Zi Qing
Joicelyn
Introduction

Meaning:
respiratory illness
inflammation of the bronchial tubes (bronchi).
irritated, swollen and inflamed
Types of bronchitis

Acute bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis

very common
caused by a virus (90%), but infection can also
caused by bacterial
cough usually lasts around 3 weeks
viruses may be spread through air when coughing or
by direct contact
Exposure: tobacco smoke, dust, and air pollution
Chronic bronchitis

cough lasts around three weeks or more

associated with hyperthropy (increase in vol. of
organ/tissue) of mucus-producing glands found
in the mucosa of large cartilaginous airways.
progressive airflow limitation occurs, usually in
association with pathologic changes of
emphysema (shortness of breath due to over-
inflation of the alveoli).
Condition: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
Exposure: long-term cigarette smoking,
repeated exposure to dust, fumes, indoor and
outdoor air pollution and other airway irritants
Histroy of bronchitis
In 1931, when Hawn and Schalk discovered a new
respiratory disease of chick in North Dakota.
In 1931, grandly and bushel discovered that bronchitis
was transmitted and caused by virus.
The first discovery of the bronchitis to human being
was discover in britain in 1963.
The bronchitis history come back form its effect in
chicken to human.
When the researchers examined and analysed the results they found:
314 new onset cases of chronic bronchitis in the 4 year follow up.
This is equivalent to an incidence rate of 27.1 cases per 1,000 person years (a
measure commonly used by epidemiologists in public health fields).
After removing the effect of age, smoking, and other demographic and risk
factors, they found snoring was significantly linked to new onset chronic
bronchitis, and the more frequent the snoring, the stronger the link.
The risk of developing chronic bronchitis was 25 per cent higher for
participants who snored 5 times or less per week compared with those who
never snored.
This risk rose to 68 per cent for those who snored 6 to 7 times a week.
Grouping results according to risk factors, such as smoking status, type of job
andBMI(body mass index) showed that the link between snoring and chronic
bronchitis onset was stronger among non-smokers, house workers, and people
who were overweight.
Non smokers who snored had a 39 per cent higher risk of developing chronic
bronchitis compared with non smokers who never snored.
For smokers who never snored this risk was 31 per cent higher.
But for smokers who snored this risk was higher at 86 per cent.
The researchers concluded that:

"This prospective study observed that snoring is associated with chronic bronchitis. Our
findings provide support for the hypothesis that snoring influences the development of
chronic bronchitis."

A research fellow at the University of Michigan Sleep Disorders Center, Dr Robert Keeton,
told the Washington Post that he found the study interesting, but would not call it
conclusive.

"It can't be something you can cite to tell patients in the clinic that they have chronic
bronchitis because they snore," he told the paper.

He also commented on the suggestion made by the researchers, who proposed two
reasons for their findings. One was that the vibrations of snoring possibly cause
inflammationof the bronchi, and the other possibility is the bronchi become inflamed,
the snoring follows, and this lead to sleep apnea, a condition where breathing stops or is
very shallow for about 20 seconds.

Keeton said a common cause of snoring isobstructive sleep apneaand it was not
unusual for people to have such symptoms.

Another expert interviewed by the paper suggested the explanation around sleep apnea
warrants further investigation, as sleep apnea was already known to be associated with
increased inflammation in the body.

"Association of Snoring With Chronic Bronchitis."

Inkyung Baik; Jehyeong Kim; Robert D. Abbott; Soonjae Joo; Kihwan Jung; Sungyong Lee;
Jaejeong Shim; Kwangho In; Kyungho Kang; Sehwa Yoo; Chol Shin.
Symptoms of Bronchitis

The main symptom of bronchitis is a productive

cough that persists several days to weeks. Other
symptoms that may occur are:
Fatigue
Wheezing sounds when breathing
Tightness or dull pain in the chest
Sore throat
Watery eyes
Mild headache
Chills
Body aches
Shortness of breath
Fever is unusual and suggests pneumonia or flu
Production of mucus (phlegm)
Cough may bring up sputum- productive cough
 Acute Bronchitis

The primary symptom of acute bronchitis is

acough. Other symptoms may include:
Sputum production
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Headache
Muscleaches
Fatigue

Children with acute bronchitis may have symptoms

of:
arunny nose
mildfever
coughup sputum/ vomit mucus
Acute Bronchitis: How Long
Does it Last?

Acute bronchitis often develops three to four

days after a cold or the flu.
It may start with a dry cough, then after a few
days the coughing spells may bring up mucus.
Most people get over an acute bout of bronchitis
in two to three weeks, although the cough can
sometimes hang on for four weeks or more.
If you're in otherwise good health, your lungs
will return to normal after you've recovered from
the initial infection.
 Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis-lasts a
long time and is most
common in smokers.

The main symptoms are:

Cough
Difficultybreathing
(dyspnea)
Wheezing
 Repeated Bouts: Chronic
Bronchitis
Doctors suspect this illness when you have:
- a cough with phlegm on most days for at least three
months in a year, for two years in a row.
Chronic bronchitis is a serious condition that makes
your lungs a breeding ground for bacterial infections
and may require ongoing medical treatment.
It's one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), a lung disease that makes it hard to
breathe.
The "smoker's cough" is sometimes a sign of
bronchitis and COPD.
 Bronchitis or
Something Else?

The symptoms of bronchitis are

often the same as those of other
conditions, such as asthma,
pneumonia, allergies, the
common cold, influenza, sinusitis,
and even gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD) and lung cancer.
See your doctor to get an
accurate diagnosis. Serious
illnesses like pneumonia require
prompt treatment.
When to Call the Doctor?

Check in with your medical provider if the

following symptoms occur:
Feel shortness of breath
Wheezing
Chest pain
Cough up blood
Throat sweeling
Have a high fever greater than 101 F (38 C)
Have a cough lasting more than four weeks
Symptoms that worsen or last longer
than 2 weeks
Diagnosis of
bronchitis
How Is Bronchitis Diagnosed?

Tests are unnecessary in the case of

acutebronchitis.
The doctor will simply use a stethoscope to
listen for the rattling sound in yourlungs'
upper airways.
chronic bronchitis - X-ray diagnose chest
to check the extent of the lung damage and
pulmonary function teststo measure how
well your lungs are working. The level of
oxygen in yourbloodmay also be checked
with a small sensor that is clipped on your
finger.
Aphysical examinationwill often reveal decreased intensity of breath
sounds, wheezing,rhonchi, and prolongedexpiration. Most physicians
rely on the presence of a persistent dry or wet cough as evidence of
bronchitis.
The doktor will look at your mucus to see whether you have a
bacterial infection and test the oxygen levels in your blood using a
sensor attached to your fingertip or toe
A variety of tests may be performed in patients presenting with
cough and shortness of breath
The test to confirm of Bronchitis
Achest X-rayis useful to exclude pneumonia which is more common
in those with a fever,fast heart rate,fast respiratory rate, or who are
old.
A sputum sample showingneutrophil granulocytes(inflammatory
white blood cells) andcultureshowing that has pathogenic
microorganisms such asStreptococcusspecies.
Ablood testwould indicate inflammation (as indicated by a
raisedwhite blood cellcount and elevatedC-reactive protein).
Treatment for
bronchitis
Chronic
Bronchitis
 to eliminate sources of irritation.
Steroids are used to reduce inflammation
oxygen therapy is needed if lungs may not be able to get enough
oxygen into body
Pulmonary rehabilitation may also be prescribed
"pursed-lip breathing" may also help
Exercising regularly can strengthen the muscles that help in breathe
In general, antibiotics cannot help chronic bronchitis
Accute Bronchitis
 Bed rest and supportive care
Wheezing with cough beta2 agonists may be helpful
(bronchodilators) , salbutamol . However , it may result in
nervousness
NSAIDs are often added to reduce inflammation and help relieve
discomfort
not recommended in children less than six years of age
antibiotics are not needed, especially those who have as cause
viral or environmental factors
Staying well hydrated by drinking fluids, breathing humidified air,
and avoiding dairy products as well as may keep secretions thin
and more easily removed
 Alcohol and caffeine should be avoided.
They may interact with some of the ingredients of OTC cold
preparations
Over-the-counter cough suppressants and cough drops can help
reduce coughing symptoms and NSAIDs and/or acetaminophen
(Tylenol and others) may reduce discomfort
Video

https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?
v=BqD5K8XI3a8
Questions
Explanation:
Bronchitis describes inflammation of the air
passages within the lungs. It occurs when the
trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi
(airways) within the lungs become inflamed
because of infection or irritation from other causes.

People who have bronchitis often have a cough that

brings up mucus. Mucus is a slimy substance made
by the lining of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitis also
may cause wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound
when you breathe), chest pain or discomfort, a low
fever, and shortness of breath.
Explanation:
The two main types of bronchitis are acute (short
term) and chronic (ongoing).

Acute bronchitis lasts from a few days to 10 days.

However, coughing may last for several weeks after
the infection has resolved.

Chronic bronchitis is an ongoing, serious condition.

It occurs if the lining of the bronchial tubes is
constantly irritated and inflamed, causing a long-
term cough with mucus.
Explanation:
Acute bronchitis describes the inflammation of
the bronchi usually caused by a viral infection,
(although bacteria and chemicals also may
cause acute bronchitis). In terms of viral
infection, the common cold (also referred to as
an upper respiratory infection) is usually the
cause for acute bronchitis.
Explanation:
There can be many causes of chronic bronchitis,
but the main cause is tobacco use, specifically,
cigarette smoke.

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a daily cough

with sputum production for at least 3 months, 2
years in a row. Chronic bronchitis is a diagnosis
usually made based on clinical findings of a
long-term persistent cough usually associated
with tobacco abuse.
Explanation:
Bronchitis describes a group of symptoms
(including airway inflammation, over-production of
mucous, and cough), which can have various
causes:

- If the cause of the bronchitis is viral or

bacterial,it can be contagious.
- If the cause of the bronchitis is due to smoking,
air pollution, or other inhaled irritants,it is not
contagious.
Explanation:
If you have bronchitis, it is important to
drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.
Hydration keeps secretions into the
bronchial tubes more liquid-like and easier
to expel.

If a fever is present, it is important to treat

the fever with acetaminophen or ibuprofen.

Conventional treatment for acute bronchitis

may consist of simple measures such as
getting plenty of rest, and possibly getting a
prescription for an inhaled bronchodilator
and/or cough syrup. In some cases of
chronic bronchitis, oral steroids to reduce
inflammation and/or supplemental oxygen
may be necessary.
Explanation:
When a person catches a cold, it often turns into
bronchitis, which is sometimes referred to as a chest
cold.

Cough is a common cold symptom, and is almost

always seen with bronchitis. Coughing is the body's
way of getting rid of phlegm or mucus.

If a cough persists after the cold has resolved, or if you

are coughing up thick green or yellow phlegm, if you
are wheezing, running a fever higher than 101 F (38.3
C), having night sweats, or coughing up blood; you
should see a doctor, as these may be symptoms and
signs of a more serious illness.
Explanation:
Once diagnosed with bronchitis, people usually expect
their doctors to prescribe antibiotics as a course of
treatment.

Antibiotics are not necessarily indicated for the treatment

of acute bronchitis. This is because most cases of acute
bronchitis are caused by viruses, and antibiotics are not
necessary to resolve the viral infection. Since acute
bronchitis almost always resolves on its own, only take
antibiotics for acute bronchitis if they are prescribed by a
health care professional. Taking antibiotics when they are
not necessary may contribute to antibiotic resistance.

If a health care professional diagnoses another type of

respiratory infection such as pneumonia or whooping
cough (pertussis), antibiotics will most likely be
Explanation:
You may prevent contracting bronchitis if you:
- Don't smoke.
- Don't allow others to smoke in your home.
- Stay away from or reduce your time around things that
irritate your nose, throat, and lungs, such as dust or pets.
- If you catch a cold, get plenty of rest.
- Take your medicine exactly the way your doctor has
prescribed.
- Eat a healthy diet.
- Wash your hands often.
- Do not share food, cups, glasses, or eating utensils.
- Keep you and your children up to date with
recommended immunizations.