Engineering Hydrology

Chapter 1 Discussion
Eng. Abdullah Hijazi
2015 - 2016
Eng. Alaa Hassan
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Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation of water from water bodies such as oceans
and lakes, formation and movement of clouds, rain and
snowfall, streamflow and ground water movements
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Hydrologic Cycle Processes

Processes
Atmospheric water
Precipitation

Evaporation
Land Surface
Infiltration Surface Water
Soil water
Surface Runoff

Groundwater Recharge Groundwater

(Percolation)
Base flow

System
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Water Budget Equation

P
E
T
P = precipitation
E = evaporation
R T = transpiration
R = Surface runoff
G = net groundwater flow
S = change in storage
G

P - R - G - E - T = S
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Example 1.2
A small catchment area 150 ha received a rainfall of
10.5 cm in 90 minutes due to a storm. At the outlet of
the catchment, the stream draining the catchment was
dry before the storm and experienced a runoff lasting
for 10 hours with an average discharge of 1.5 m3/s. The
stream was again dry after the runoff event.
What is the amount of water which was not available to
runoff due to combined effect of infiltration, evaporation
and transpiration?
What is the ratio of runoff to precipitation?
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Example 1.2
Solution
The water budget equation for the catchment:
R=PL
R is runoff in m3
P is the precipitation (rainfall) in m 3
L is losses due to infiltration, evaporation, transpiration and surface
storage.
The rainfall occurred in the first 90 min only:
(a) P = 150 ha * 10,000 = 157,000
=R
(b) Runoff/rainfall (runoff coefficient) =
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Problem #1
A catchment has four sub-areas. The annual precipitation and
evaporation from each of the sub-areas are given below:
Assume that there is no change in the groundwater storage on an
annual basis and
Calculate for the whole catchment the values of annual average
precipitation and evaporation.
What are the annual runoff coefficient for the sub-areas and for the
total catchment
Annual Evap. taken as aPrecip.
Annual whole? Area Sub-Area
(mm) (mm) (Mm2)
530 1030 10.7 A
438 830 3 B
420 900 8.2 C
600 1300 17 D
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Problem #1
Solution
Volume Annual Volume Annual Area Sub-Area
of Evap. Evap. of Preci. Precip. (m2)
(m3) (mm) (m3) (mm)
5.671 530 11.021 1030 10.7 A

1.314 438 2.49 830 3 B

3.444 420 7.38 900 8.2 C

10.2 600 22.1 1300 17 D

20.629 43 38.9 Total

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Problem #1
Solution

Runoff Rainfall Runoff Sub-Area

Coefficient (P-E)

0.485 11.021 5.35 A

0.472 2.49 1.176 B

0.53 7.38 3.936 C

0.538 22.1 11.9 D

0.52 43 22.362 Total

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Problem #2
Clear lake has a surface area of 708,000 m2, for
the month of march this lake had an inflow of 1.5
m3/s and an outflow of 1.25 m3/s. A storage
change of +708,000 m3 was recorded. If the total
depth of rainfall recorded at the local rain gauge
was 225 mm for the month, Estimate the
evaporation loss from the lake.
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Problem #2
Solution:
March = 31 days
S = Inflow Outflow
+708,000 = (1.531246060) + (0.225708,000) -
(1.2531246060) E
E = 120,900 m3 = 171 mm
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Problem #3
During the water-year 1994/95, a catchment
area of 2,500 km2 received 1,300 mm of
precipitation. The average discharge at the
catchment outlet was 30 m3/s. Estimate the
amount of water lost due to the combined effects
of evaporation, transpiration and percolation to
ground water. Compute the volumetric runoff
coefficient for the catchment in the water-year.
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Problem #3
Solution
S = Inflow Outflow
Water-year or water season cycle:
S = 0
Inflow = Outflow
Precipitation = Runoff + Losses
losses( + 365*24*3600*30( = )106*2,500*1.30 )
Losses = 2,303.92 Mm = 922 mm
Runoff coefficient =
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Problem #4
A catchment area of 140 km2 received 120 cm of
rainfall in a year. At the outer of the catchment the
flow in the stream draining the catchment was found
to have an average rate of 2 m3/s for 3 months, 3
m3/s for 6 months and 5 m3/s for 3 months.
What is the runoff coefficient of the catchment?
If the afforestation of the catchment reduces the runoff
coefficient to 0.5, what is the increase in the abstraction
from precipitation due to infiltration, evaporation and
transpiration, for the same annual rainfall of 120 cm?
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Homework Problems
1.3
1.4

Submission due one week