Structural Firefighting: Edition 1, October 2014

Structural
Firefighting
Session 1: Fire behaviour

Edition 1, October 2014
Structural Firefighting
Edition 1, October 2014 PPT 1
This session will cover a range of topics about
fire behaviour
Fire tetrahedron
Combustion
Principles of heat transfer
Click icon
to add Classes of fire
Upon completion of this session you will be
able to
Explain the fire tetrahedron and the methods to extinguish a fire

Explain the different methods of heat transfer
Explain combustion and its relationship to fire behaviour
Explain the classes of fire
The fire tetrahedron includes four components
The combustion process is a Click icon to add

chemical chain reaction that occurs
between the fuel and oxygen to
picture
produce heat and light.
Methods to interrupt this reaction:

cooling the fuels
interrupting the chemical chain reaction
removal of fuels
exclusion of oxygen
Combustion is a chemical reaction that gives
off light and heat
Combustion occurs in the gaseous state.
Matter can exist in one of three states:

Solid e.g. wood, coal, rubber
Liquid e.g. petrol, oil, paints
Gas e.g. methane, nitrogen, oxygen and LPG
Amount of pyrolysis taking place increases as
temperature increases
Pyrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by heat.

Oxygen and other reagents are not required for pyrolysis to take place.
At the right temperature and mixtures with air, and in the presence
of an ignition source, flammable gases given off through pyrolysis
will ignite.
Amount of heat required for ignition is
dependent on the type of flammable vapour
Flammability range is the minimum

and maximum amounts of fuel
vapour required for ignition.
Usually given as the:

Lower flammability limit, lower explosive
limit (LEL) or lower limit (LL)
Upper flammability limit, upper explosive
limit (UEL) or upper limit (UL)
Image not to scale
For a given substance there is a range of
temperatures at which ignition will occur
Flashpoint
Lowest temperature at which a substance produces enough vapour to ignite and burn
when an ignition source is applied, but will stop when the source is removed.
Firepoint
Lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapour to ignite upon
application of an ignition source, and continues to burn when the source is removed.
For a given substance there are a range of
temperatures at which ignition will occur
Auto-ignition temperature
Minimum temperature required to cause self-sustained combustion in any substance
in the absence of a spark or flame.
Spontaneous combustion or spontaneous ignition temperature

Type of combustion which occurs by self heating (increase in temperature due to
exothermic internal reactions), followed by thermal runaway (self heating which rapidly
accelerates to high temperatures) and finally, ignition.
There are four phases of combustion
Incipient Decomposition occurs at the surface of the fuel due to the influence of some
form of heat.
(initial) Products given off at this stage are invisible to the eye.
Smouldering Products of combustion released at surface of fuel are visible.

As heat increases, fuel decomposes more rapidly, releasing large amounts
of hot unburnt gases and partially burnt fuels, which are visible as smoke.
Still no flames.
Products of combustion given off: water vapour, carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
Flaming Visible phase of combustion.

Light is given off smouldering is visible too.
Heat Heat is transferred to the atmosphere and nearby fuel by the processes of
convection, conduction, radiation, direct burning
Demonstration of the phases of combustion
Amount of heat required for ignition is
dependent on the type of flammable fuel
Most solids and liquids have to be heated to give off sufficient

vapours to support combustion.
Some solids and liquids for example petrol can give off vapour at
or below room temperature.
Fire gases are products of combustion and
can act as asphyxiants
Formation of flammable fire gases may occur within the confines of

a building.
May exist in the fire compartment itself, or in adjacent compartments, entrance halls
and corridors.
May exit the fire compartment or the building and can be responsible for extension of
fire to adjacent rooms and structures.
Types and concentrations of toxic gases produced depend on a
number of variables.
Firefighters should be aware off the likelihood of fire gases in
adjacent structures and rooms as ignition of fire gases can occur.
Incomplete combustion produces smoke
Smoke is the airborne solid and

liquid particulates and fire gases
given off when a material
undergoes pyrolysis (heat-induced
chemical breakdown) or
combustion.
There are four ways in which heat is
transferred in a structure fire
Radiation/radiant heat Click icon to add

Convection picture
Conduction
Direct burning (flame impingement)
Radiant heat, convection, conduction and
direct burning impact fire behaviour
Radiant heat
Convection
Conduction
Direct burning
There are four stages to the development of a
structure fire
There are six classes of fire
Class A Class D
Involve wood and paper, Involve combustible
cloth, rubber and plastics metals such as
magnesium, aluminium,
Class B sodium and potassium
Involve flammable liquids
such as petrol, kerosene, Class E
oil, tar, paint and wax Involve energised
electrical equipment
Class C
Involve combustible gases Class F
such as LPG, butane and Involve cooking oils and
propane fats
In summary there are a range of influences on
fire behaviour
Combustion is a chemical chain

reaction that gives off light and heat
and occurs in the gaseous state.
There are four phases of
combustion: incipient, smouldering,
flaming and heat.
Pyrolysis is the decomposition of a
substance through application of
heat.
Questions?
Structural
Firefighting
Session 2: Proceed to fire

proceeding to a fire
Responding to a fire
Personal protective clothing and equipment
Private vehicle response
Route considerations
proceeding to a fire
Siting of appliances
Size-up
RECEO
SPADRA
able to
List the personal protective clothing and equipment required when

responding to urban fire
Outline the CFA policy for the use of private vehicles
Identify considerations for determining the most effective route to
an incident
Explain the application of size-up, RECEO and SPADRA
SPADRA should be applied by all firefighters
SPA: Safe Person Approach

DRA: Dynamic Risk Assessment
Responding to a structure fire has processes
and decision points
Receiving the pager message

Reading the pager message
Deciding whether to attend
Being fit for response
Other considerations
Appropriate structural PPC and PPE is
required
SOP 5.03 Personal Protective

Clothing and Equipment includes:
wearing of PPC
inspection of PPC and PPE
maintenance of PPC and PPE.
Appropriate structural PPC and PPE is
required
Structural PPC/PPE includes:

turnout overpants and tunic
flash hood
helmet
gloves
eye protection
hearing protection
breathing apparatus
chemical protection clothing
When responding CFA members must comply
with
SOP 12.09 CFA Members driving private vehicles when involved

in operational activities.
All legislative requirements in relation to driving motor vehicles.
CFA SOP 12.04 Emergency vehicle response.
There are factors to consider when
determining the most effective route
When responding to an incident the Crew Leader will consider:

time (day/night) and day of week
schools start and finish times
shopping centres, hospitals, schools and similar
speed humps, roundabouts and other traffic management
one way streets
traffic congestion
rail and tram routes and crossings
heavy vehicle routes
VicRoad notifications of roadworks and
local council notifications.
The Crew Leader will consider where
appliances are sited
Considerations include:
firefighter safety
likelihood of structural collapse (including
building type and height)
minimising traffic risk (fend off)
effectiveness of pumping operations
access to water supplies
access to structures
access to equipment
access and egress for other emergency vehicles
protection from weather conditions (uphill,
upwind).
Size-up is a critical step in operational
planning
Incident Controller (IC) determines

the most appropriate strategy.
Firefighters provide ongoing,

accurate information about the
situation and developments to IC.
Size-up enables the Incident Controller to
determine appropriate strategies and tactics
When performing an initial size-up,

the Incident Controller considers:
Facts: whats happening
Probabilities: what may happen
Own situation: current resourcing,
including skills mix of crew
Decision: what strategy to implement
Plan: initial tactics
A number of factors should be considered in
size-up
Factors include:
Pre-plans
Resources available
Crew competencies
Location of the emergency
Time of day
Type of incident
Hazards and risks
Unauthorised personnel
Presence of hazardous materials
Structure, construction and layout
A number of factors should be considered in
size-up
Factors include:
Fire behaviour
Stages of fire development
Potential for rapid fire progress
Potential for structural collapse
Access to the seat of the fire
Weather conditions
Water supply
Onsite information
And many more
A number of factors are involved in size-up
Size-up is not confined to the initial

evaluation.
Ongoing evaluation is critical,
including information back from
crews operating offensively.
Internal firefighting crews provide vital
information otherwise not available to the
Incident Controller.
RECEO is used to assist firefighters prioritise
tactical activities
RECEO activities may be

undertaken in sequence,
concurrently or as determined by
fire conditions.
RECEO is an acronym for:
Rescue
Exposures
Containment
Extinguishment; and
Overhaul.
In summary there are a range of factors to
consider when proceeding to a fire
Consider all factors to determine

the most effective route to the
incident.
Size-up is a critical step in
operational planning and ongoing
evaluation.
RECEO is the acronym used to
prioritise tactical activities on the
fireground.
Questions?
Structural
Firefighting
Session 3: Building types

and materials
building types and materials
Types of buildings or structures
Risks associated with structure fires
Building legislation and building design
Building materials
building types and materials
Structural collapse
Access methods
Other risks in the urban environment
able to
Explain the risks associated with structure fires

Recognise a range of building materials
Compare fire behaviour in different building structures
Identify signs of structural collapse
Outline the considerations of other risks in the urban environment
Building legislation control design and
construction of buildings
Building legislation informs the requirements for:

Fire resistance and stability
Building design and materials used
Compartmentation and separation
Access and egress
Services and equipment
Special use buildings
Many buildings were built in times before current building

legislation requirements.
Fire resistance and stability is incorporated
into building design
Building design ensures a level of

fire resistance either through
materials used, construction
techniques or installation of fire
protection and suppression
systems.
A building is required to be
constructed so that it is protected
from fire in adjacent buildings.
Fire resistance and stability is incorporated
into building design
Material used in construction is designed to
provide a level of protection
The material used in the construction of a building is designed to:

minimise spread of fire and generation of smoke and toxic gases
protect structural elements to maintain stability of a building for a period at least
sufficient for occupants to escape and to ensure emergency personnel are permitted
access to the building safely
ensure that there will be little risk of collapse onto adjoining property.
Compartmentation and separation of a
building are designed for fire safety
These requirements ensure that:

occupants in fire area are able to be evacuated safely
occupants in other unaffected parts of the building are protected from effects of fire in
the building
spread of fire to other parts of the building is controlled or retarded
emergency personnel can gain access to the building.
Openings and service provisions (such as ducts and cavities) in

the building are fire-stopped (sealed) to maintain
compartmentation and separation.
Access and egress provide paths for safe
entry and exit
Provisions for escape include:

sufficient exits for people to escape
people do not have to travel far to reach an exit
construction of exits so that people will be safe once they
reach that exit
provision of escape methods for people with disabilities
provision of alternative exit routes.
Services and equipment for fire protection are
required under Building Regulations
Services for protection in the event

of fire include:
firefighting equipment
smoke hazard management
lifts
emergency lighting
exit signs, warning systems and their
maintenance
detection systems to enable early warning and
alert of fire
fixed systems to hold the fire until the arrival
of the fire brigade.
Special use buildings are mainly designed for
entertainment purposes
Building examples include:

theatres
stages
public halls
These buildings may have:

increased fire load
reduced lighting
large numbers of people
restricted number of exits
A range of materials are used in building
construction
Some materials are more resistant to fires than others.

There are key terms that describe the thermal characteristics of
building materials
thermal conductivity
thermal expansion.
Masonry units are generally used in walls
Masonry units (blocks, slabs Click icon to add

or bricks) can be made from
clay, sandstone, bluestone,
picture
granite, mud or concrete.
Fire resistance depends on:

construction solid brick or veneer
materials used
condition
condition of mortar joints.
Concrete is usually made from a combination
of materials
Combined materials include

cement, sand, crushed rock
screenings and water.
It may be poured as a slab for a
floor, used for columns and beams,
and as a protective covering for
other materials.
Fire resistance depends on the:
materials used to cover the reinforcement
thickness of the concrete.
Precast concrete wall panels are referred to
as tilt slabs
Tilt slabs are typically used in Click icon to add

construction of warehouses,
factories, shopping centres or
picture
other large buildings.
A fast construction method.
Fire resistance depends on:
heat generated by the fire which may
cause steel portal frame or concrete
panel to collapse.
Prefabricated floor truss systems have
reduced timber dimensions
A lightweight system comprised of

a combination of timber fixed to
joists with gang nails.
Heat and flames will compromise
the systems integrity quickly,
causing rapid failure.
When compromised the ceiling and
floors above the floor of fire origin
may either partially or totally
collapse.
Asbestos may be present in some buildings
From 1921 asbestos was used extensively in the building industry.

Manufacturing of all asbestos products ceased in 1987.
Steel is used in construction in a variety of
ways
Steel structures are more likely to fail when the steel temperature
is increased.
Can be made more fire resistant by:

use of protective insulations
oversizing of structural elements
increasing the degree of robustness of the structure
Timber/wood has good properties for building
Fire endurance of wood depends

on the weight of the frames and its
protection.
Plasterboards come in a range of different
forms
The fire resistance of plasterboard will vary considerably between

forms.
Plasterboard is used for:
ceilings
walls
acoustic improvements
fire rating
high traffic areas
wet areas.
Two types of plastic are used in building
construction
Thermoplastics which lose their strength immediately when

heated
Thermosetting plastics which keep their strength until they

ignite
Polystyrene is becoming more common as an
energy conserving building material
Three types of construction are used with polystyrene:

sandwich panel
blockwork
plaster sandwich with panel
Insulation provided by polystyrene increases efficiency of heating

and cooling systems.
Buildings are classed according to their
purpose
Buildings or parts of buildings are classified according to the

purposes for which they are designed, constructed or adapted to
be used.
Building classifications are based on the type of occupants and the
activities carried out in the building.
These two factors impact on the potential fire load in the building
and the effects of the fire.
There are 10 main classes.
Common types of buildings exist throughout
Victoria
Common building types include:

Multistorey buildings
Large compartment structures
Factories/manufacturing premises
Hospitals
Domestic dwellings
Retail complexes
Commercial accommodation
Unusual constructions
Mobile or temporary property.
Structural collapse can occur during a fire
Apart from fire, there are other

causes of structural collapse
which can include:
Poor workmanship
Age of the building
Changed occupancy
Alterations and modifications
Materials used
Excessive additional loads
Previous fire damage.
White Bay Hotel, Rozelle, NSW
Firefighters can see signs of structural
collapse
Signs may include: Click icon to add

Walls often fall outwards
Falling pieces of mortar, brick or concrete
picture
from the walls
Cracks appearing in the brickwork
Movement in a floor or in a roof
Concave floors or ceilings
Walls out of alignment
Unprotected steel distorting
Prolonged burning
Intense fire and loud noise.
Firefighter safety must be given priority over
fire suppression
Firefighter safety must be given

priority over all other fire
suppression considerations and
activities.
If imminent or possible structural

collapse is suspected firefighters
must immediately leave the
building and follow directions.
Procedures should be considered when
gaining entry to a structure
Methods of entry to a structure include:

Normal
Forcible
Roof access
Every effort should be made to gain entry by normal means to
avoid unnecessary damage.
If life is threatened and a rescue is necessary, you should enter

using the quickest and safest method possible.
CFA Act Section 30 provides for forced entry
Legislation gives firefighters the authority to make a forced entry

onto property and into structures when responding to a call.
Always exercise this power in a responsible and professional
manner.
Consider:
rescue procedures
location of the fire
the safety of personnel and appliances
the most suitable point of entry
keeping damage to a minimum.
Access to a buildings roof may be required
If roof access is required

firefighters need to consider the
following:
SPADRA
type of building material used
slope of roof
working at heights regulations
ladders
aerial appliances.
There are a range of other risks in the
urban environment
Other risks that may be

encountered include:
alternate power supply (e.g. wind, solar)
mains power
asbestos
gas
hydroponics and clandestine drug labs
dangerous goods
HAZMAT
multi levels response.
In summary, building types and construction
materials should be considered
Firefighters need to be aware of

the risks when responding to urban
fires.
Fire behaviour differs depending on
the type of structure and the
materials used.
There is a possibility of structural
collapse in all types of buildings.
Questions?
Structural
Firefighting
Session 4: Types of urban

fires and associated risks
urban fires and their risks
Structure fires
Non structure fires
Electrical fires
Fires involving dangerous goods
able to
Give examples of structure and non-structure fires and associated

risks
Give examples of electrical fires and associated risks
Give examples of fires involving dangerous goods/hazardous
materials and associated risks
Firefighters will encounter many risks when
responding to a structure fire
Urban fires are not limited to permanent
structures
It is important to be aware of the specific risks which are

associated with each type of non structure fire
Non-structure fires can include:
Bins
Rubbish
Mobile property
Vehicles
Machinery
structures
structures
structures
Electrical fires are not limited to power poles
Extra care must be taken when an electric or

hybrid vehicle is involved in fire.
Dual power supply (solar and wind turbines) is
increasingly found in the community. Their
presence should be indicated by a:
label at the switchboard
label at the point of entry
labelled isolating device close to the alternative supply
source
Risks associated with the presence of
hazardous materials should be considered
Look for indicators of such as

signage and placards.
There has been an increase in the

number of incidents where
clandestine drug laboratories have
been identified.
There are special risks associated with
these types of fires.
In summary there are a range of risks to
consider with urban fires
Fires occur in buildings and

non-structures.
There are risks in all types of fires.
Firefighters must consider risks
and their safety through continual
risk assessment and size-up.
Questions?
Structural
Firefighting
Session 5:
Extinguishment mediums
and equipment
extinguishment mediums and equipment
Objectives of extinguishment
Firefighting mediums
Firefighting equipment, including small gear
Click icon
to add
able to
Select the appropriate firefighting medium.

Select the appropriate methods of extinguishment.
List firefighting equipment and discuss associated safety
considerations.
A range of extinguishing mediums are used for
each class of fire
Mediums used to extinguish fire

include:
water
Foams (A and B)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
fire extinguishing powder
vaporising liquids
wet chemicals
dry sand and earth.
Water is particularly effective on Class A fires
Water cools fuel by absorbing heat.

Conversion of water to steam absorbs a large amount of heat.
Technique used to apply water depends on the incident and type of
fuel burning.
Techniques include:
jet stream
spray pattern
fog pattern
Foam is a mass of bubbles which float on the
surface of burning fuel
Two classes of foam:

Class A foam
Class B foam
Foam extinguishes by forming a

blanket, cutting off oxygen supply
and sealing flammable vapours.
Class A foam is used to lower the surface
tension of water
Class A foam allows water to spread over a larger area and

improve its ability to penetrate and cool Class A fuels (carbon
based fuels).
Class A foams in use by CFA have been fire performance tested

and found to be suitable for limited use on Class B shallow
hydrocarbon spills such as:
road crash scenes, where fuel tanks may have been ruptured or leaking;
service station fuel pump area spills; or
machinery refuelling trailers.
Class B foam can be effective in structural
firefighting
Water has limitations, particularly when used on Class B fires

involving flammable liquids.
Class B fires comprise two different fuel types:

fuels that mix with water (water miscible, known as Polar Solvents) such as alcohols
e.g. Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol; and
fuels that do not mix with water (non water miscible, known as Hydrocarbons) such as
petrol, oil, kerosene and diesel fuel.
There are two common types of extinguishing
powders
These two types are ABE and BE.

Powder breaks the chemical chain reaction and is effective for
extinguishing:
Class B flammable liquid fires and also suitable for Class C fires
Class E energised electrical equipment
Also suitable for other classes such as Class A ordinary combustibles and Class C
Powder can be used to coat fuels. The volume of powder cuts off
the oxygen supply from the area of combustion.
Powder does not remove heat. It may need to be backed up by
other extinguishing media where appropriate.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odourless,
tasteless and colourless gas
CO2 is stored at high pressure in a liquid state and leaves no

residue.
Safe for use on Class E fires involving energised electrical
equipment and fires in areas which cant be penetrated by non-
gaseous extinguishing mediums.
Can be used on Class A, B and F fires.
Extinguishes fires by displacing oxygen, smothering the fire.
CO2 may not be suitable for use outdoors.
Does not cool fuel to any extent.
Vaporising liquids are most effective on Class
A and E fires
Gas is stored under pressure as a liquid and vaporises when

released.
When vaporised, gas forms a dense cloud of non-flammable
vapour which blankets and smothers the fire.
Less effective on Class B and Class C, although they can be used.
Wet chemical is a water-based solution
designed to extinguish Class F fires
Solution typically consists of alkali metal salts.

Medium reacts with the surface of the oil or fat, smothering the fire.
Rapidly converts burning fats or cooking oils into a combustion
resistant soap.
Can also be used for Class A fires.
Dry sand, earth and fire blankets can be used
for extinguishing fires
Where other mediums may react with burning material.

Dry sand, earth and fire blankets can be used.
Dry sand and earth act as a smothering agent.

Can be used to prevent burning liquids from flowing down drains or
into basements.
May be used for metal fires.
Application of extinguishing agents can
impact the environment
CFA members have a responsibility

to ensure they take every
precaution to minimise potential
damage to the environment,
produce and the certification of
organic and certified properties
from the use of Class A and B
foams.
A range of equipment is used for structural
firefighting
Practical Demonstration
Portable fire extinguishers have several
features in common
Common features include:

extinguishing medium contained in a
cylinder;
carry handle attached;
cylinder has a valve assemble to release
medium from cylinder;
may be a pull pin, anti-tamper seal or
safety release catch at the valve
assembly or operating trigger;
many extinguishers incorporate a
pressure indicator gauge; and
a pictogram illustrating how to use the
extinguisher.
There are six categories of portable fire
extinguishers
Each category is designed to be used

for one or more classes of fire.
A coloured band denotes its contents (except the
water stored pressure which has a red body
only):
1. Water
2. Foam stored pressure blue band
3. Carbon dioxide (CO2) black band
4. Wet chemical oatmeal band
5. Dry chemical powder white band
6. Vaporising liquid yellow band
. The contents will be printed on the body.
Extinguishers have a red body with a coloured
band
Water stored pressure Click icon to add

Extinguisher cylinder is all red.
Pressurised air 700 Kpa.
picture
Used for Class A fires.
Has a 6 metre throw and a 45 60 second
discharge.
band
Foam stored pressure blue band Click icon to add

Most suitable for Class B flammable liquid
fires. picture
Can be used for Class A and F
band
Carbon dioxide (CO2) black band Click icon to add

Used for putting out small Class E fires.
Has limited effectiveness on Class A, B, C
picture
and F fires.
band
Wet chemical oatmeal band Click icon to add

Suitable for Class F fires involving cooking
oils and fats picture
Effective on Class A fires.
band
Dry chemical powder white band Click icon to add

Powder may be ABE or BE
Extinguishes Class A, B, C and E fires.
picture
Limited extinguishing capabilities with Class
F fires.
3 4 metre throw and an 8 20 second
discharge.
band
Vaporising liquid yellow band Click icon to add

Used for Class A and E fires.
Has limited effectiveness on Class B fires.
picture
Most extinguishers are operated by a squeeze-
grip mechanism
To operate an extinguisher
1. Check the pressure indicator
2. Carry it by the handle to the fire
3. Remove the pull pin, anti-tamper seal or safety pin
4. Hold the discharge hose, nozzle or wand in one
hand
5. For a stored pressure type, briefly squeeze the
handle to pre-test extinguisher
6. Operate the extinguisher in a sweeping motion
with the discharging stream directed at the base of
the fire
In summary there is a range of extinguishing
mediums and equipment
A range of extinguishing mediums

are used to combat fires.
Various items of equipment are
used to deliver the extinguishing
medium to the fire.
Potential damage to the
environment should be considered
and minimised.
Questions?

Structural Firefighting: Edition 1, October 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structural Firefighting: Edition 1, October 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structural

Session 1: Fire behaviour

Principles of heat transfer

Explain the fire tetrahedron and the methods to extinguish a fire

The combustion process is a Click icon to add

Methods to interrupt this reaction:

Combustion occurs in the gaseous state.

Matter can exist in one of three states:

Pyrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by heat.

Flammability range is the minimum

Usually given as the:

Image not to scale

Spontaneous combustion or spontaneous ignition temperature

Smouldering Products of combustion released at surface of fuel are visible.

Flaming Visible phase of combustion.

Most solids and liquids have to be heated to give off sufficient

Formation of flammable fire gases may occur within the confines of

Smoke is the airborne solid and

Radiation/radiant heat Click icon to add

Combustion is a chemical chain

Session 2: Proceed to fire

Personal protective clothing and equipment

Private vehicle response

List the personal protective clothing and equipment required when

SPA: Safe Person Approach

Receiving the pager message

SOP 5.03 Personal Protective

Structural PPC/PPE includes:

SOP 12.09 CFA Members driving private vehicles when involved

When responding to an incident the Crew Leader will consider:

Incident Controller (IC) determines

Firefighters provide ongoing,

When performing an initial size-up,

Size-up is not confined to the initial

RECEO activities may be

Consider all factors to determine

Session 3: Building types

Types of buildings or structures

Risks associated with structure fires

Building legislation and building design

Other risks in the urban environment

Explain the risks associated with structure fires

Building legislation informs the requirements for:

Many buildings were built in times before current building

Building design ensures a level of

The material used in the construction of a building is designed to:

These requirements ensure that:

Openings and service provisions (such as ducts and cavities) in

Provisions for escape include:

Services for protection in the event

Building examples include:

These buildings may have:

Some materials are more resistant to fires than others.

Masonry units (blocks, slabs Click icon to add

Fire resistance depends on:

Combined materials include

Tilt slabs are typically used in Click icon to add

A lightweight system comprised of

From 1921 asbestos was used extensively in the building industry.

Can be made more fire resistant by:

Fire endurance of wood depends

The fire resistance of plasterboard will vary considerably between

Thermoplastics which lose their strength immediately when