Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology

Al-AZHAR UNIVERSITY

Engineering Workshops(1)
Workshops Tools
(Chapter2)

Instructor: Eng. Ahmed Mousa

First Semester, 2014/2015
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 Introduction
Hand tools can be just as dangerous as power tools
and other equipment when not properly used, stored,
or maintained.
The hand and power tools are an important part in the
workshop, and should be treated carefully , and used
in a professional manner.
This chapter will help us to provide ways in which can
help to use hand and power tools in the proper way.
Types of tools:
Hand Tools
Power Tools
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 Hand Tools
A hand tool is any tool that is powered by
hand (manual labor) rather than by motor. Some
examples of hand tools are hammers, spanners,
pliers, screwdrivers and chisels.

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 What is a Screwdriver?
Screwdriver : is a tool for driving screws
that consists of a handle (hand tool) or
power tool with a metal rod shaped at the
tip to fit into the head of a screw.

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 screwdrivers
Screwdrivers are made in different lengths and designs, the
two most common are:

Flathead/slotted

Crosshead/Phillips

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 screwdrivers
Some screwdrivers designs
Pozidriv

Clutch square Torx

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 screwdrivers
The flathead: is identified by its length and in some
cases by the blade width.
The crosshead: screwdriver is identified by its point
size.

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 screwdrivers
How to use the screwdriver
safely?
Always use the correct size screwdriver for the
screw head; the blade should fit the width of the
screw head.

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 screwdrivers
How to use the screwdriver
safely?
Do not hold the work piece against your body while
using a screwdriver .
Do not put your fingers near the blade of the
screwdriver when tightening a screw.
Do not force a screwdriver by using a hammer or
pliers on it.
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 screwdrivers
How to use the screwdriver
safely?
Do not carry a screwdriver in your
pocket .
Do not use a screwdriver if your
hands are wet, oily or greasy.
Keep the screwdriver clean when
finish from work.
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 screwdrivers
There is a special type of screwdrivers used in the
electrical work is electric screwdriver tester.
Screwdriver tester or voltage tester : is a very
simple piece ofelectrical equipment test used to
determine the presence or absence of
anelectricvoltagein electrical components under
test.

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 pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, or for
cutting and bending tough materials such as wires.

There are different types that can deal with different

types of jobs:

Long nose pliers

Diagonal side cutting pliers
Combination pliers
MultiGroove Adjustable Pliers.
Vise Grips
Snap Ring Pliers
Adjustable wire stripper

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 pliers
Long nose
pliers:
available in a variety
of sizes.
some incorporate a
wire cutter.
used to hold objects
that are in tight
confines, etc.
available as round
nose pliers.
useful for bending .
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 pliers
Diagonal side cutting pliers:
Cutting and stripping wire
Can cut thin metal

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 pliers
Combination pliers/ General pliers :are
specifically designed for cutting, bending, and
twisting wire. The center parts of the jaws are
designed to grasp round objects such as small
pipe or tubing without slipping.

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 pliers
Multi Groove Adjustable Pliers
Adjustable opening for a large
number of gripping applications

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 pliers
Vise Grips:
Locking pliers
Variety of types and sizes
adjustable pliers that can be locked to hold
objects and prevent from moving.

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 pliers
Snap Ring Pliers:
Used for removing and installing snap
rings

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 Pliers
Adjustable wire strippers:
Used to stripe variant size of wires using
adjustable screw.

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 6-in-1 tool
Pliers, knife, screwdriver, can
opener, scissors

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 Pliers
How use Pliers in Safely?
Do not use pliers as a wrench/spanner or a
hammer
Do not attempt to force pliers by using a hammer
on them.
When you are performing electrical work, use the
pliers that have rubber sleeves covering the
handle; these pliers are insulated .
Do not use pliers that are cracked or broken.
Keep the pliers clean.

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 Spanners/ Wrenches
The two words spanner (in British English) and wrench
(in American English) refer to the same tool.
Spanners/Wrenches are different in shape to provide ease
of operation under certain conditions.
They are manufactured from high tensile or alloy steel.

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 Spanners/ Wrenches
The sizes of metric spanners are identified
by the distance across flats of a nut or bolt
head .

S=24 mm

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 Spanner types
1. Open-ended spanners:
The ends of this type of spanners are generally
oriented at an angle of 15 to the longitudinal
axis of the handle to allow greater range of
movement in enclosed spaces.
An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at
each end.

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how to use spanner?

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 Spanner types
2. Ring spanners :
Ring spanners or box-end wrenches are
recommended to be used when a better grip is
needed and when the spanner swing is restricted.

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 Spanner types
A box-end wrench has two different sizes;
one at each end.

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 Spanner types
3. Combination spanners:
This type comes with an open end from one side
and a ring end from the other side .
Usually both ends are having the same size .

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 Spanner types
4. Adjustable spanners :
Adjustable spanners are spanners that have a
moving jaw to fit different bolt/nut sizes.

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 Spanner types
An adjustable wrench is often used where the
exact size wrench is not available or when a large
nut, such as a wheel spindle nut, needs to be
rotated but not tightened.
Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall
length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws
open.

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Treat adjustable
spanners gently

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 Pipe wrench
A pipe wrench is designed to tighten its grip on
the part being rotated.
It has serrated jaws that leave marks on the part
and so it might damage the surface of the part.
Accordingly, pipe wrenches must not be used to
loosen a nut, unless the nut is to be replaced.

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Accidents Prevention When
using wrenches
When working with spanners, accidents are usually
caused by the slipping of a spanner from a nut or
bolt head.
In order to avoid these accidents, the following
recommendations should be considered

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 Accidents Prevention
When using wrenches
1- Use the correct size spanner for the job.
2- Pull towards the body whenever possible.
3- Do not obtain extra leverage by using
pieces of pipe.
4- Use a steady pull not a jerking action.
5- Do not hit a spanner with a hammer.
6- Make sure your hands will not strike any
obstructions.

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 Socket
A socket fits over the fastener and grips the points
and/or flats of the bolt or nut.
The socket is rotated (driven) using various types of
handles to adapt to size variations and space
limitations.
Handle types:
Ratchet
Speed Handle
Breaker Bar
Torque Wrench
T handles
Nut Driver

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 Socket
Sockets Points
Points refer to number of sides
Number of sides allows for ease of rotation in
limited space and for specialty heads with various
number of sides
Common number of points
4
6
8
12

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 Socket
Sockets are available in various
drive sizes, including 1/4-inch, 3/8-
inch, and 1/2-inch sizes for most
automotive use

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 Handles
A typical ratchet used to rotate a
socket. A ratchet makes a ratcheting
noise when it is being rotated in the
opposite direction from loosening or
tightening. A knob or lever on the
ratchet allows the user to switch
directions.

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 Handles
Torque wrenches are socket turning
handles that are designed to apply a
known amount of force to the fastener.
There are two basic types of torque
wrenches including:
Clicker Type
Beam Type

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 Handles
Speed Handles
Has a free spinning knob that allows
for speedy rotation.
Require 2 hands
hand hold end
1 hand turns crank

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 Allen keys
They are referred to as Allen keys and sometimes
Allen wrenches.
Allen keys are used on grub screws and socket
head cap screws
The size of Allen keys is almost like spanners
measured across flats.

Socket head cap screw

Allen Keys
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 Hammer
Hammer is a hand tool consisting of a handle with
a head of metal or other heavy rigid material that is
attached at a right angle.
Uses are for drivingnails, fitting parts, forging metal
and breaking up objects. Hammers are often
designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in
their shape and structure.

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 Hammer
Hammer Safety:
Always use correct size and type of hammer
Do not strike one hammer against another hammer
Do not use a hammer if your hands are oily, greasy
or wet
Make sure that the hammer is valid for use to avoid
injuries

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 Hammer
Hammer Safety:

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 Measurement Tools

Measuring tools are divided into two

categories:
Direct reading
Measurement transferring

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 Direct reading:
It have grading that its allow to read
and determine the desired measuring
value directly such as Micrometers,
Vernier Caliper and Ruleretc.

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 Measurement
Transferring
Measurement transferring tools are tools
that collect a measurement, but do not
have a scale to read the measurement.
Common tools are:
i. Spring calipers
ii. Dividers
iii. Telescoping gauges
iv. Ball gauges

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 The Vernier Caliper
Sliding measuring device that can make
inside, outside, and depth measurements
with considerable accuracy The vernier
caliper has two main parts which has the
scales that the measurements are read
from it:
The main beam : this is the non moving
part and contains the main scales, and sub
scales.
Vernier scale: is the moving part.
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The Vernier Caliper

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 The main beam
The main beam allows for three
numbers to be read:
1.the whole number full inches
2.major divisions e.g. 0.400
3.minor divisions e.g. 0.025 or .050
these are all read on the main beam
scale

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 The main scale (Inch)
The main scale runs the entire length
of the vernier caliper
The imperial scale runs from 0-6
inches or may be longer the scale is
divided into 1 inch segments.

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 The main scale (Metric)
The imperial scale has 1 inch
divisions which is divided into 1/10 th
or 0.100 inches
This scale is also subdivided into
four other segments() or 0.025
inches
This main beam scale is then
accurate to 0.025 inches.

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 The main scale (Metric)
The metric scale is arranged into segments
of 1cm or 10 mm.
The main beam segments 1cm is broken
down by dividing 1 by 10 =1mm or 0.1 cm.
This scale will run up to 150 mm or 15cm
or longer.
The measurements read here are called the
base measurements and is accurate to
1mm, 0.1 cm.

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 Reading the vernier
caliper
Use the vernier Zero (0) AS THE FOCUS or
the end point to read the main scale.
Look at the graduations on the vernier scale
to see which lines up exactly with one line
on the main scale then read the number on
the vernier scale not the main scale.
Add these two readings together then check
the reading
The total is the measurement of the vernier
caliper.
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 Power Tools
Power tool is any tool that has power
for its operation from a source other
than human force.
Electric powered
Gas and diesel power
Pneumatic tool-uses compressed air
Hydraulic tool uses compressed liquid
(oil)

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 Power Tools
Some Example of electrical power
tools:

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 Power Tools
Examples of stationary electrical
power tools

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