DIGITAL REVERSE

POWER RELAY

SUBMITTED BY
SHASHANK SHARMA
2K13/EE/120
Power System Relays
A protective relay is a relay whose function is to detect
defective lines or apparatus or other power system
conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to
initiate appropriate control circuit action.

Digital protective relays and their associated equipment

are compact units of analog, discrete solid-state
components, operational amplifiers, and digital
microprocessor networks connected to the power
system to sense problems.
Logic Representation Of Relays
Relay Parameters

Reliability
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Relay speed
Mechanical Vs Digital Relays

Compared to mechanical relays, digital relays offer

following advantages:
Higher Accuracy
Reduced Space
Lower Equipment and Installation Cost
Wider Application and Setting Capabilities
Reverse Power Relay
The reverse power relay is a
directional protective relay that
prevents power from flowing in
the reverse direction.

The relay is used in

installations where a generator
runs in parallel with the utility
or another generator so as to
prevent power from the bus
bar or another generator from
flowing back to the active
generator when its output fails.
Area Of Application
The generator output can fail due to problems with the prime
mover, turbine or engine that drives the generator, issues
with speed controller, or different frequencies during
synchronization.

When the prime mover fails, the generator stops producing

power and may instead start drawing power from the other
parallel sources and start motoring.

The reverse power relay senses any reverse direction of

power flow and disconnects the generator to avoid any
possible damage.
Area Of Application
Digital Reverse Power Relay
Under abnormal condition, the direction of power flow
changes from the bus bar into the generator.

Stator current undergoes a 180 degrees phase shift.

The reverse power protection should be provided with a

definite time delay on operation to prevent spurious
operation with the transient power swing that may arise
following synchronization or in the event of a power
transmission system failure.
Modeling of Reverse Power Relay

To model the reverse power relay, the

relay is divided into 2 parts-
1. Directional element
2. Delay and Hold Unit
Modeling of Reverse Power Relay
DIRECTIONAL ELEMENT
Calculates the power
factor for the current and
voltage signals provided to
it.
Negative Power Factor
indicates 180o phase
reversal of current under
fault conditions.
DELAY AND HOLD UNIT
Provides a delay to prevent the relay from
sending a false trip signal to the circuit
breaker during the transient or a temporary
fault condition.
Keeps the state of the relay stable after the
relay has tripped. This is because once the
circuit breaker has opened, fault will cease to
exist, indicating a normal condition and
tempting the relay to send closing signal.
Basic Layouts of the Two Units
THE SIMULATION
 Conclusion
The presentation puts forth, a model of digital reverse power relay
using SIMULINK. The relay has two working units P.F Monitoring
Unit and Trip Signal Generator.

The relay is physically realizable with electronic components as all

the involved units and processes can in turn be replaced with these
electronic components. A time delay feature allows for separation of
fault condition from transients ensuring that the mal-operation of
relay does not occur.

The operating characteristics of the relay are in phase with the

required protection system scheme and thus the relay, with some
modifications, may provide cheap protection against reverse power
flow.
 References
Md. Mohsin Aman, Ghauth Bin Jasmon, Qadeer Ahmed Khan, Ab.
Halim Bin Abu Bakar, Jasrul Jamani Jamian Modeling and
Simulation of Reverse Power Relay for Generator Protection 2012
IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference.

J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin Protective Relaying-

Principles and Applications, Third Edition, CRC Press.

U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi Protection and Switchgear, Technical

Publications Pune

http://in.mathworks.com