Effectsofvoltagesags

The effects of voltage
sags
For IEEE Hong Kong Section
May 31, 2002
by
Terry Chandler
Power Quality Inc/Power Quality Thailand LTD
May 2002
WWW.powerquality.org All rig 1
hts reserved
Sags or Dips?
A decrease in the nominal voltage
for a short duration.
May 2002
WWW.powerquality.org 2
Standards regarding Sags
IEC 1000-4-1/11 Measurement of sags

IEEE 1159 Monitoring of Sags
IEEE P1346
ANSI C84.1
IEEE 1100
May 2002
IEEE SCC 22
Short duration variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.2 Sag(Dip) 0.5 to 30 cycles 0.1 to 0.9
pu
sags (dips) have a magnitude and

duration
SCC is the standard coordination
committee of IEEE
May 2002
Accepted description
Sag is a IEEE term DIP is IEC term

Sag refers to % of decrease in Voltage
IE a 20% sag is a voltage decrease to 0.8 PU
DIP refers to % of voltage remaining

IE a dip to 80% is a decrease to 0.8 PU
Is the glass half full or half empty?

May 2002
Classifying Sags (Dips)
CBEMA
100%
May 2002 1 day

Classifying sags (dips) II
ITIC (New
CBEMA)
acceptable
May 2002
unacceptable
Cause of Voltage sags
Faults on the distribution system

User distribution system failure
User loads
Equipment malfunction
May 2002
Faults on the distribution
system
May 2002
User equipment that can
cause sags
Copiers and laser printers
Arc welders
Motor starting
Power saws
May 2002
Welder causes voltage sag
May 2002
Voltage sag from the
utility
May 2002
Semi 47 Voltage sag
standard
A new standard developed by the
SEMI organization members to
define the desired minimum
equipment sensitivity to voltage
sags
Similar to ITIC curve in the voltage
sag domain
May 2002
ITIC Semi 47
May 2002
ITIC
Semi 47
| 0.5 sec | 10 sec
20 ms
50 ms 0.2 0.5 second
May 2002
Load sensitivity to voltage
sags
Motors
Contactors that
Small 50% sag shuts down 600 hp load

May 2002
Sag indications without a
PQ meter
Lights blink
Motors slow down and return to
normal speed
Computers reboot unexpectedly
Automated equipment stops
unexpectedly
May 2002
Root cause of sensitivity
Electrical contactor on the input power
Equipment
disconnect
Automated
Equipment
May 2002 Ac relay

Process sensor
With voltage sags sends shut down signal
Equipment
disconnect
Automated Equipment
DC relay process
May 2002 sensor
Emergency shutdown
circuit
With voltage sag sends shutdown signal
Equipment
disconnect
Automated
Equipment
Ac relay
May 2002
DC buss sag
AC motor
AC to DC DC to AC
convertor invertor
DC buss
DC relay monitor Electronic
control
May 2002
Voltage imbalance sensor
AC motor
AC to DC DC to AC
convertor invertor
voltage
unbalance Electronic
DC relay relay control
May 2002
Improving voltage sag
immunity
Relay settings
DC relays
Switchmode power supply configuration
oversize power supply or capacitor
Dynamic sag corrector
Connect loads phase to phase
May 2002
Voltage sense relays
Upper and lower trip points

May 2002
Ride thru device
May 2002
Sag mitigation
technologies
UPS
Standby
line interactive
On-Line
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

Voltage Regulator
Static transfer switch
May 2002
UPS Uninterruptible Power
Supplies
Battery
On-line
Standby
Flywheel
Super conductor
Super Capacitor
Fuel Cell
May 2002
On-line UPS
System
bypass
Bypass
Rectifier Inverter
input
harmonic Load
filter Charger
Battery
system
May 2002
Rotary UPS
May 2002
Example of rotary
May 2002
DVR
B ypass
T o S o u rc e T o P la n t
Is o la tio n Is o la tio n
D V R E le c tr o n ic s
S S S h o r tin g S w itc h In v e r te r s ,
F ilte r s , C o n tr o ls
C a p E n e rg y S to ra g e
May 2002
Flywheel ups
May 2002
Example of flywheel UPS
May 2002 Photo compliments of Beacon.com

Standby UPS
Battery or Flywheel
More efficient than on -line
Output meets ITIC or Semi-47
standard
May 2002
Standby UPS
CB3
Bypass
Utility Critical
CB1 CB2
Input Input Output Load
Static Switch
up to (8) Power Modules

System
Control
Inverter
Battery Bridge
String Battery
Charger
Isolation
Main System Container Transformer
May 2002
Example of Standby UPS
May 2002
3 phase sag
May 2002
UPS output during sag
May 2002
Conclusions
Voltage sags are the #1 Power Quality
problem
The source can be from the utility or
from internal loads, wiring, problems
etc
Solutions can be very inexpensive or
very expensive
May 2002
Graph compliments of WWW.powerstandards.com
The bottom line
Voltage sags are an economic or $$

problem
It requires detailed PQ data to
determine if the solution costs $100 or
$10,000,000.
May 2002

Effectsofvoltagesags

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Effectsofvoltagesags

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The effects of voltage

IEC 1000-4-1/11 Measurement of sags

sags (dips) have a magnitude and

Sag is a IEEE term DIP is IEC term

DIP refers to % of voltage remaining

Is the glass half full or half empty?

May 2002 1 day

Faults on the distribution system

50 ms 0.2 0.5 second

Small 50% sag shuts down 600 hp load

May 2002 Ac relay

Upper and lower trip points

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

May 2002 Photo compliments of Beacon.com

up to (8) Power Modules

Voltage sags are an economic or $$

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