Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9 Ed

Chapter 8
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 8
Summary
Voltage sources 5
An ideal voltage source 4

plots a vertical line on the
Current(A)
3
VI characteristic as shown
for the ideal 6.0 V source. 2
Actual voltage sources 1

include the internal source
resistance, which can drop 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
a small voltage under load. Voltage(V)
The characteristic of a non-

ideal source is not vertical.
Chapter 8
Summary
Voltage sources
A practical voltage source is drawn as an ideal source
in series with the source resistance. When the internal
resistance is zero, the source reduces to an ideal one.
RS
VS +
Chapter 8
Summary
Voltage sources
If the source resistance of a 5.0 V power supply
is 0.5 , what is the voltage across a 68 load?
RS VOUT
Use the voltage-divider VS + 0.5
equation 5.0 V RL
68
RL
VL VS
RL RS
68
5 V = 4.96 V
68 0.5
Chapter 8
Summary
Current sources 5
An ideal current source 4

plots a horizontal line on
Current(A)
3
the VI characteristic as
shown for the ideal 4.0 mA 2
source.
Practical current sources 1
have internal source
resistance, which takes some 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
of the current. The Voltage(V)
characteristic of a practical
source is not horizontal.
Chapter 8
Summary
Current sources
A practical current source is drawn as an ideal source
with a parallel source resistance. When the source
resistance is infinite, the current source is ideal.
IS RS
Chapter 8
Summary
Current sources
If the source resistance of a 10 mA current source
is 4.7 k, what is the voltage across a 100 load?
Use the current-divider

equation IS RS RL
10 mA 4.7 k 100
RS
IL IS
RL RS
4.7 k
10 mA = 9.8 mA
100 4.7 k
Chapter 8
Summary
Source conversions
Any voltage source with an internal resistance can be
converted to an equivalent current source and vice-
versa by applying Ohms law to the source. The source
resistance, RS, is the same for both.
VS
To convert a voltage source to a current source, I S
RS
To convert a current source to a voltage source, VS IS RS
Chapter 8
Summary
Superposition theorem
The superposition theorem is a way to determine
currents and voltages in a linear circuit that has
multiple sources by taking one source at a time and
algebraically summing the results.
R 1 R 3
What does the 2 .7 k 6 .8 k

I2
ammeter read for V S1 +
- V S2
+
I2? (See next slide 12 V -

+
18 V -
R2
for the method and 6 .8 k
the answer).
Chapter 8
Summary
What does the ammeter
R R
read for I2? 1 3
2 .7 k I2 6 .8 k
V S1 +
- V +
+ 1.56 mA
S2
12 V 18 V
Set up a table of - -
R2
pertinent information 6 .8 k
and solve for each
quantity listed:
Source 1: RT(S1)= 6.10 k I1= 1.97 mA I2= 0.98 mA
Source 2: RT(S2)= 8.73 k I3= 2.06 mA I2= 0.58 mA
Both sources I2= 1.56 mA
The total current is the algebraic sum.
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
Thevenins theorem states that any two-terminal,

resistive circuit can be replaced with a simple
equivalent circuit when viewed from two output
terminals. The equivalent circuit is:
R T H
V T H
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
VTH is defined as the open circuit voltage between the two

output terminals of a circuit.
RTH is defined as the total resistance appearing between
the two output terminals when all sources have been
replaced by their internal resistances.
R T H
V T H
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
What is the Thevenin voltage for the circuit? 8.76 V

What is the Thevenin resistance for the circuit? 7.30 k
Output terminals
R 1
Remember, the
V S
10 k load resistor
12 V R 2
R L has no affect on
27 k 68 k the Thevenin
parameters.
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
Thevenins theorem is useful for solving the Wheatstone

bridge. One way to Thevenize the bridge is to create two
Thevenin circuits from A to ground and from B to ground.
The resistance between point R1 R2
V
A and ground is R1||R3 and the S +
RL
resistance from B to ground is A B
-
R2||R4. The voltage on each R3 R4
side of the bridge is found
using the voltage divider rule.
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
For the bridge shown, R1||R3 = 165 and

R2||R4 = 179 . The voltage from A to ground
(with no load) is 7.5 V and from B to ground
(with no load) is 6.87 V . R R2
1
VS 330 390
+15 V + RL
A B
- 150
R3 R4
330 330
The Thevenin circuits for each of the

bridge are shown on the following slide.
Chapter 8
Summary
Thevenins theorem
RTH A RL B RTH'
VTH 165 150 179 VTH'
7.5 V 6.87 V
Putting the load on the Thevenin circuits and

applying the superposition theorem allows you to
calculate the load current. The load current is: 1.27 mA
Chapter 8
Summary
Nortons theorem
Nortons theorem states that any two-terminal, resistive

circuit can be replaced with a simple equivalent circuit
when viewed from two output terminals. The
equivalent circuit is:
IN RN
Chapter 8
Summary
Nortons theorem
IN is defined as the output current when the output

terminals are shorted.
RN is defined as the total resistance appearing between
the two output terminals when all sources have been
replaced by their internal resistances.
IN RN
Chapter 8
Summary
Nortons theorem
What is the Norton current for the circuit? 17.9 mA

What is the Norton resistance for the circuit? 359
R1 Output terminals
VS + 560
10 V R2 RL
1.0 k

The Norton circuit is shown on the following slide.
Chapter 8
Summary
Nortons theorem
The Norton circuit (without the load) is:
IN RN
17.9 mA 359
Chapter 8
Summary
Maximum power transfer
The maximum power is transferred from a source to a
load when the load resistance is equal to the internal
source resistance.
RS
VS +
RL
The maximum power transfer theorem assumes the

source voltage and resistance are fixed.
Chapter 8
Summary
Maximum power transfer
What is the power delivered to the matching load?
RS
The voltage to the 50
VS +
load is 5.0 V. The RL
10 V
power delivered is 50
V 2 5.0 V
2
PL = 0.5 W
RL 50
Chapter 8
Summary
toY and Ytoconversion
The -to-Y and Y-to- conversion formulas allow a

three terminal resistive network to be replaced with
an equivalent network. RC
For the -to-Y conversion, each
resistor in the Y is equal to the R1 R2
product of the resistors in the two RA R3 RB
adjacent branches divided by the
sum of all three resistors.
Chapter 8
Summary
toY and Ytoconversion
The -to-Y and Y-to- conversion formulas allow a

three terminal resistive network to be replaced with
an equivalent network. R C
For the Y-to- conversion, each

resistor in the is equal to the sum R1 R2
of all products of Y resistors, taken RA R3 RB
two at a time divided by the opposite
Y resistor.
Chapter 8
Key Terms
Current source A device that ideally provides a constant
value of current regardless of the load.
Maximum power Transfer of maximum power from a source
transfer to a load occurs when the load resistance
equals the internal source resistance.
Nortons A method for simplifying a two-terminal
theorem linear circuit to an equivalent circuit with only
a current source in parallel with a resistance.
Superposition A method for analysis of circuits with more
theorem than one source.
Chapter 8
Key Terms
Terminal The concept that when any given load is
equivalency connected to two sources, the same load
voltage and current are produced by both
sources.
Thevenins A method for simplifying a two-terminal

theorem linear circuit to an equivalent circuit with only
a voltage source in series with a resistance.
Voltage source A device that ideally provides a constant
value of voltage regardless of the load.
Chapter 8
Quiz
1. The source resistance from a 1.50 V D-cell is 1.5 .

The voltage that appears across a 75 load will be
a. 1.47 V
RS VOUT
b. 1.50 V
VS + 1.5
c. 1.53 V 1.5 V RL

d. 1.60 V
Chapter 8
Quiz
2. The internal resistance of an ideal current source

a. is 0
b. is 1
c. is infinite
d. depends on the source
Chapter 8
Quiz
3. The superposition theorem cannot be applied to

a. circuits with more than two sources
b. nonlinear circuits
c. circuits with current sources
d. ideal sources
Chapter 8
Quiz
4. A Thevenin circuit is a
a. resistor in series with a voltage source
b. resistor in parallel with a voltage source
c. resistor in series with a current source
d. resistor in parallel with a current source
Chapter 8
Quiz
4. A Norton circuit is a
a. resistor in series with a voltage source
b. resistor in parallel with a voltage source
c. resistor in series with a current source
d. resistor in parallel with a current source
Chapter 8
Quiz
5. A signal generator has an output voltage of 2.0 V with no

load. When a 600 load is connected to it, the output
drops to 1.0 V. The Thevenin resistance of the generator is
a. 300
b. 600
c. 900
d. 1200 .
Chapter 8
Quiz
6. A signal generator has an output voltage of 2.0 V with no

load. When a 600 load is connected to it, the output drops
to 1.0 V. The Thevenin voltage of the generator is
a. 1.0 V
b. 2.0 V
c. 4.0 V
d. not enough information to tell.
Chapter 8
Quiz
7. A Wheatstone bridge is shown with the Thevenin circuit

as viewed with respect to ground. The total Thevenin
resistance (RTH + RTH) is R1 R2
VS 1.0 k 1.0 k
+ RL
a. 320 A B
- 100
R3 R4
b. 500 1.0 k 470
c. 820
RTH RL '
RTH
d. 3.47 k.
VTH VTH'
Chapter 8
Quiz
8. The Norton current for the circuit is

R1
a. 5.0 mA
VS + 1.0 k
b. 6.67 mA 10 V R2 RL
1.0 k 1.0 k
c. 8.33 mA
d. 10 mA
Chapter 8
Quiz
9. The Norton resistance for the circuit is

R1
a. 500
VS + 1.0 k
b. 1.0 k 10 V R2 RL
1.0 k 1.0 k
c. 1.5 k
d. 2.0 k
Chapter 8
Quiz
10. Maximum power is transferred from a fixed source

when
a. the load resistor is the source resistance
b. the load resistor is equal to the source resistance
c. the load resistor is twice the source resistance
d. none of the above
Chapter 8
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. b
2. c 7. c
3. b 8. d
4. d 9. a
5. b 10. b

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Chapter 8

An ideal voltage source 4

Actual voltage sources 1

The characteristic of a non-

An ideal current source 4

Use the current-divider

To convert a current source to a voltage source, VS IS RS

What does the 2 .7 k 6 .8 k

I2? (See next slide 12 V -

Thevenins theorem states that any two-terminal,

VTH is defined as the open circuit voltage between the two

What is the Thevenin voltage for the circuit? 8.76 V

Thevenins theorem is useful for solving the Wheatstone

For the bridge shown, R1||R3 = 165 and

The Thevenin circuits for each of the

Putting the load on the Thevenin circuits and

Nortons theorem states that any two-terminal, resistive

IN is defined as the output current when the output

What is the Norton current for the circuit? 17.9 mA

The Norton circuit is shown on the following slide.

The Norton circuit (without the load) is:

The maximum power transfer theorem assumes the

What is the power delivered to the matching load?

The -to-Y and Y-to- conversion formulas allow a

The -to-Y and Y-to- conversion formulas allow a

For the Y-to- conversion, each

Thevenins A method for simplifying a two-terminal

1. The source resistance from a 1.50 V D-cell is 1.5 .

2. The internal resistance of an ideal current source

3. The superposition theorem cannot be applied to

5. A signal generator has an output voltage of 2.0 V with no

6. A signal generator has an output voltage of 2.0 V with no

7. A Wheatstone bridge is shown with the Thevenin circuit

8. The Norton current for the circuit is

9. The Norton resistance for the circuit is

10. Maximum power is transferred from a fixed source

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