GROUNDWATER

OCCURRENCES AND
SUPPLIES
GROUP 6
Ground water
Ground water is water that fills pores and
fractures in the ground, much as milk fills the
voids within bits of granola in a breakfast
bowl. The top of ground water is called the
water table. Between the water table and the
land surface is the unsaturated zone or
vadose zone. In the unsaturated zone,
moisture is moving downward to the water
table to recharge the ground water. The water
table can be very close to the surface (within
a few feet), or very deep (up to several
hundred feet).
Ground water commonly is an important
source of surface water.The contribution of
ground water to total stream flow varies
widely among streams, but hydrologists
estimate the average contribution is
somewhere between 40 and 50 percent in
small and medium-sized streams.
Ground water serves as a large subsurface water
reservoir.Of all the freshwater that exists, about 75
percent is estimated to be stored in polar ice and glaciers
and about 25percent is estimated to be stored as ground
water. Freshwater stored in rivers, lakes, and as soil
moisture amounts to less than 1 percent of the world's
freshwater. The reservoir aspect of some large ground-
water systems can be a key factor in the development of
these systems. A large ratio of total ground-water storage
either to ground-water withdrawals by pumping or to
natural discharge is one of the potentially useful
characteristics of a ground-water system and enables water
supplies to be maintained through long periods of drought.
The areal extent of ground-water-flow
systems varies from a few square miles
or less to tens of thousands of square
miles.The length of ground-water-flow paths
ranges from a few feet to tens, and
sometimes hundreds, of miles. A deep ground-
water-flow system with long flow paths
between areas of recharge and discharge may
be overlain by, and in hydraulic connection
with, several shallow, more local, flow systems
The age (time since recharge) of ground
water varies in different parts of ground-
water-flow systems.The age of ground water
increases steadily along a particular flow path
through the ground-water-flow system from an area
of recharge to an area of discharge. In shallow,
local-scale flow systems, ages of ground water at
areas of discharge can vary from less than a day to
a few hundred years. In deep, regional flow systems
with long flow paths (tens of miles), ages of ground
water may reach thousands or tens of thousands of
years.
Surface and subsurface earth materials
are highly variablein their degree of particle
consolidation, the size of particles, the size and
shape of pore or open spaces between
particles and between cracks in consolidated
rocks, and in the mineral and chemical
composition of the particles. Ground water
occurs both in loosely aggregated and
unconsolidated materials, such as sand and
gravel, and in consolidated rocks, such as
sandstone, limestone, granite, and basalt.
Facts About Groundwater
GROUNDWATER FLOW
Groundwater Flow and Effects of Pumping

Pumping ground water from a well

always causes:
1. Decline in ground-water levels
2. Groundwater Quality
3. Environmental Effects
Groundwater
Occurrence

SAMARTINO, JOHN MEGRYAN B.

MANUEL, IRA JOSHUA
 About 70% portion of our planet earth is
consists of water while the rest 30% is
consists of dry land. Apart from such a big
amount of water there is also massive
amount of underground water reservoirs
but the main difficulty in using of this water
is the difficulty to access it. Due to vast
advancement of science and technology the
demand for water is also increased to very
high level then before it was and causing
the demand for underground water usage.
The ground water reservoirs are much more
pure and safe the usual water resources
available at the earth's surface. Ground
water constitute an integral part of the
human's life and now time demands to
bring it to use so that we can fulfill our fast
growing demand of water.
 Underground rivers occur only
rarely in cavernous limestone.
Most groundwater occurs in
small pore spaces within rock
Subsurfac and alluvium(unconsolidated
e Water sediment)
Occurrenc Groundwater accumulates
e over impervious material
Water flow through porous
medium is slow (range from
few centimeters to meters per
day)
 Porosity is a parameter which describes
the amount of open space in geologic
material
Porosity can be stated as a fractional value
(0.30) or percentage (30%) of open space
(i.e. 30% of volume in the material is open
space)
Open pore spaces occur between sediment
Porosity of grains
Geological Open pore spaces occur in cracks or
Material fractures in rocks
Open pore spaces occur in cavernous
openings formed by dissolution of rock
(limestone)
Porosity values range from 0 to 50% typically
Open pores can be filled with water or air or
a mixture of both
 Rocks may have a high porosity but if
the pore spaces are not connected,
water cannot flow through rock
Permeabili Permeability is a parameter
ty of which describes the ability of
geologic material to transmit
Geological water
Material Geologic material which can
transmit large quantities of water
are highly permeable and called
aquifers
 Examples of geologic material
which are typically aquifers are
Sand and gravel alluvium
Sandstone
Cavernous and/or fractured
limestone
Geologic material which cannot
transmit significant quantities of
water are impermeable and
calledaquitards.
Examples of geologic material
which are typically aquitards are:
Clay and silt alluvium
Shale and siltstone
 Unsaturated Zone
region of subsurface from ground
surface to the water table
Pores are partially filled with water
Unfilled pore space contains air
Water in Saturated Zone
the Region of subsurface in which pore
Ground spaces are saturated (completely
filled) with water
Water Table
Interface between unsaturated and
saturated zone in unconfined
aquifers
 Capillary Fringe
Zone above the water table
where capillary forces pull
water upward into pore spaces
WATER Same effect seen with water in
MOVEMEN
straws
T IN
SUBSURFA UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
CE Water accumulates over an
impermeable or impervious
surface
Water table can freely rise to
land surface
 Aquifer is sandwiched between 2 layers of
impermeable or impervious material
Water flows into aquifer from an area at
surface where upper impermeable layer
(confining layer) is absent
Groundwater in confined aquifers is under
pressure
CONFINED Wells can be drilled through the upper
confining layer
AQUIFERS Pressurized water will rise within the well
Water levels are called piezometric water
level
Wells are called artesian wells
Where water levels rise above the ground
surface, water freely flows out of the well
(flowing artesian well
 Unsaturated zone
Water moves primarily downward due to gravity
Water infiltrates from surface and moves downward to
water table or ponds on impermeable surface (clay
layer, etc.) to form a Perched water table
Saturated zone
WATER Water seeks its own level
Water will flow from high water levels to low water levels
MOVEMEN

Water levels can be measured by wells
T IN Contour map of water levels can provide information on
groundwater flow directions
SUBSURFA In most cases, water flow direction is perpendicular to
the water level contour lines (from high to low values of
CE water level)
RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE AREAS
Surface water and groundwater are generally connected
with flows in and out of the subsurface
Surface areas where water flows from surface into
groundwater are called recharge areas
Surface areas where water flows from groundwater out
onto ground surface are called discharge areas
 Voids, pores, or
interstices - openings
Rocks and through which water will
flow
soil as Caves, tubes, fracture
receptacles zones, and openings
along joints and faults -
of water secondary openings
may develop after rocks
are formed
 The porosity of rock is
its property of
containing open spaces
Porosity of and can be expressed
rocks as the ratio of the total
volume of its pore
spaces to its total bulk
rock volume.
Porosity of
rocks
 1. The shape and arrangement of its constituent
particles

Conditions 2. The degree of assortment of its particles

affecting
porosity in 3. The cementation and compacting to which a rock
is subjected
a
sedimentar 4. The removal of mineral matter through solution
y deposit
5. The fracturing of the rock, resulting in joints.
 Size, shape, and specific gravity (density)
Transported deposits: Alluvial, Collovial, Eolian,
Glacial, Lacustrine, Loess and Marine
Sorting Well-sorted deposits lacking cement have high
porosities. Poorly sorted deposits, mixtures of two or
more particle sizes, have less porosity than the same
volume of well-sorted material.
 Granular deposits consist of individual grains, or
aggregates of grains, which are deposited by the
Porosity of action of running water or wind.
granular The percentage of porosity (pore space) in a granular
deposit is determined largely by the way the particles
deposits come to rest and what happens to them during
compaction
Relation of The porosity of a deposit
porosity to consisting of angular
grains is greater than
shape of the same volume of
well-rounded grains
grains
 It has been noted that
deposits consisting of
mixtures of grains of
different sizes, or of
pebbles and sand, will
have lower porosities
Relation of than equal volumes of
particles of the same
porosity to size.

degree of The addition of a large

rock to a sand deposit
assortment will reduce the total
pores considerably.
Solid rock in the form of
pebbles or boulders
simply occupies spaces
formerly containing
interstices.
 A common one is to measure the quantity of water
required to saturate a known volume of the dry
material.
Another is to compare the specific gravity of a dry
sample with that of a saturated sample of the same
material.
ASTM C830 - 00(2016) Standard Test Methods for
Methods of Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent
Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory
determinin Shapes by Vacuum Pressure

g porosity ASTM D7263 - 09 Standard Test Methods for

Laboratory Determination of Density (Unit Weight) of
Soil Specimens
DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILSASTM
D 422
PROCTOR COMPACTION TESTASTM D 1140 AND
ASTM D 1557
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY
AND USES
By. Kyle Andaya and Gerald Gutierrez
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY

Groundwater is replenished or recharged by rain and

seepage from rivers.
It contributes 14% of the total water resource
potential of the Philippines.
- Region X has the lowest potential source of
groundwater.
- Regions I and VII have the highest potential.
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY

Water well is an excavation or structure created in the

ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to
access groundwater in underground aquifers.

Approximately 800,000 boreholes are drilled in the U.S.

annually.

The construction of these vitally needed water supply

systems involves the use of more than 18,000 drilling
rigs by an estimated 8,100 groundwater contracting
firms.
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY

The U.S. is one of the largest water well markets in the

world; to 25 million wells
India21
United States15.9 million
China3.4 million
Bangladesh800,000
Pakistan700,000
Germany500,000
South Africa500,000
Nepal60,000
Taiwan37,100
Mongolia27,000
Botswana7,500
Costa Rica5,000
GROUNDWATER USES

Groundwater is used for drinking by about 50% of the

people in the Philippines.
Based on the water rights granted by the National
Water Resources Board (NWRB) since 2002;
- 49% domestic sector
- 32% agriculture
- 15% industry
- 4% other sector
GROUNDWATER USES

Groundwater uses vary significantly by country, and

partly depends on climate.
In some countries with abundant rainfall, such as
Indonesia and Thailand, irrigation needs are very low,
so household water supply is the main use for
groundwater
In some arid countries such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia
and Syria, irrigation accounts for 90% of groundwater
use.
Facts About Global Groundwater
Usage
Groundwater is the worlds most extracted raw
material with withdrawal rates currently in the
estimated range of 982km^3/year

About 70% of groundwater withdrawn worldwide is

used for agriculture.

Groundwater provides almost half of all drinking

water worldwide.